Law Web: Whether manual intervention is permissible if anything goes wrong in technical processes?

The impact of technology in our life today, is

unimaginable. We use technology every day and it has saved

us of time and efforts. Introduction of the etendering system

has made the cumbersome process of tenders simple, faster and

also free from unnecessary human intervention. However, in

a situation with which we have dealtwith above, the question

is whether the use of the technology has offered solutions or

it has created issues. The increased dependency on modern

technology has reduced our creativity and human being is

dependent upon the said technology which undisputedly is

an useful servant but a dangerous master. In words of Albert

Einstein “human spirit must prevail over technology”. In the

present case in hand we have observed that uncertainty

prevails in certain areas and no technology can make the

system 'full proof' and as such a situation where the

technology can err, we cannot completely exclude the element

of human intervention in exceptional circumstances.

Ultimately, it is the human being who controls the technology

and when it errs, it is for the human being to rectify it. No

solution is coming from the expert and the technology

operatorNIC as to what happens if the “freeze button is not

clicked”. On the other hand, the NIC itself shows that once

the bids are uploaded, they remain safe and saved and human

intervention is not possible. In this background and for the

reasons which we have already discussed above, we feel it

expedient to intervene in the technological procedure since

we feel that the technology has failed to serve its intended

purpose in the present case and interest of justice call for

intervention. Every citizen has legal and fundamental rights

which are required to be protected and in a digital world the

said rights cannot be lost sight of but the same are to be

protected by providing alternative and effective solutions, to

be introduced into the modern technology/websystem and in

the process of tender it is very much necessary to ensure that

the bidders are not shunted out of the procedure only on

account of any technical glitch and technology needs to be

developed in a manner to cater to their needs without

causing any delay in the scheduled time. We also makes it

clear that we are inclined to grant relief to the petitioners,

considering 'public interest and the fact that the bid of

petitioners (technical/financial) are already sealed after their

uploading and no changes are possible now, and we treat this

as sealed packets submitted within date and time as per tender

document.

IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY

ORDINARY ORIGINAL CIVIL JURISDICTION

WRIT PETITION (L) NO. 2070 OF 2017

Shapoorji Pallonji & Company Private V/s. State of Maharashtra,

CORAM : ANOOP V. MOHTA AND

SMT. BHARATI H. DANGRE,JJ.

DATE : 28th SEPTEMBER, 2017

1 Rule.

2 Heard the matter finally by consent of the parties at the

stage of admission.

3 Respondent No.2Maharashtra Housing Development

Authority, through its Chief Officer, issued eTender notice

inviting proposals for the work of “Technical designing, coBorey

ordination and construction for rehabilitation/sale/ commercial

/amenities alongwith construction of habitable temporary

transit camps and other various works in respect of

redevelopment project”. The bidders were to submit their

bids in a single stage, two eenvelops etendering process. The

first eenvelope/the technical bid was to be evaluated to ensure

technical and financial qualification and was to contain the

documents of eligibility, depicting technical and financial

capacity of the bidder including the other documents.

Envelope no. 2 was to contain the financial bid in the format

prescribed. The bidding companies were to comply

experiences and required conditions mentioned in RFQ cum

RFP document. The time limit for the said project was

prescribed as 96 calendar months and the bid security/EMD

in the form of the demand draft or bank guarantee was to be

submitted for each project site with value of INR

54,00,00,000/.

4 The bid document was to be down loaded from the

etender website ww.mahatenders.gov.in from 3rd April, 2017

to 17th May, 2017 and the bidders were advised to refer to

bidders' manual kit available at http://mahatenders.gov.in for

details about etender process to be followed. The last date of

the submission of the OnLine bid was scheduled as 17th May,

2017 which was extended from time to time and lastly it was

fixed as 27th July, 2017 at 13.00 hours IST.

5 Petitioner No.1 is a company incorporated under

the Companies Act, engaged in the business of executing

construction, redevelopment and infrastructure projects and it

claims to pose vast experience, including the construction and

redevelopment project in the city of Mumbai.

In furtherance of the etender notice issued by

Respondent No.2, the petitioner no. 1 company, being desirous

of participating in the tender process, raised certain prebid

queries and uploaded its technical and financial bid on 27th

July, 2017 at about 12.16 hrs on eprocurement system on the

website of respondent no.1 www.mahatenders.gov.in. The

Petitioners relies upon a screen shot on the bid sreen,

confirming such uploading on date of submission to

demonstrate that their envelope nos. 1 and 2 were duly

uploaded on the schedule date and before the scheduled time

prescribed. According to the petitioners, the bid documents

were admittedly uploaded on the eportal, however, the

freeze bid button was not logged or recorded in the

respondents' system, as a result, the petitioners could not get

any acknowledgement. As per tender conditions, a bank

guarantee equivalent to 5% of the contract value i.e. Rs. 50

crorers was also submitted by the petitioners in the office of

second Respondent, which is still lying with the second

respondent. The petitioner states that when the petitioner did

not receive the acknowledgment, the correspondence was

entered into between the petitioners and respondent nos. 1 and

2. The petitioners also made a request to the second

respondent for postponing the date of opening of the technical

packages, scheduled on 21st July, 2017, till the issue was

resolved. However, respondent no. 2 proceeded with the

opening of technical bids and the in the process, the

petitioners also participated. The petitioner was orally

informed that the petitioner's bid was not received in the

respondents' system and therefore, its bid will not be

considered as “valid bid”. The petitioners sought an experts'

opinion from the private consultants, who advised that since

the ebid of the petitioners was properly uploaded on the

respondents' server, which should be available for access by the

second respondent and can be retrieved in time but since

respondent no.2 was not ready to consider the bid of the

petitioners, the petitioners approached this Court by filing the

present petition on 01.08.2017.

6 On 03.08.2017, this court directed the Respondent

No.2 MHADA to seek instructions as to why the bid of the

petitioners, though duly submitted on the schedule date and

time, is not seen on the Website of the respondents

department and that the counsel for the respondent no. 2 was

specifically asked to verify whether it can be retrieved from the

server of the MHADA with assistance of the NIC. The matter

was, thereafter, posted to 07.08.2017. On the said date of

hearing, we thought it appropriate to implead the National

Informatics Centre, Mumbai as a party Respondent and on that

day, submission was made by the learned senior counsel for the

MHADA that the evaluation is in progress and it will take

approximately 7 days' time and the matter was adjourned.

The matter was adjourned from time to time and

the respondent no. 2 has submitted the affidavitinreply on

07.08.2017. In the affidavit inreply, the respondents stated

that on the date of opening of technical bid, the bid of the

petitioners was not found on etender portal though in total

three bids were received, on etender portal on 27.07.2017

and, therefore, those bids which were received, were opened.

According to respondent no.2, the NIC had

intimated that “if the acknowledge slip was not generated

though the system, then the process of submitting bid is not

complete” Thereafter, correspondence entered between

respondent no.2 and respondent no. 3NIC. Respondent No. 2

alongwith the affidavit has placed on record the report

submitted by respondent no. 3NIC, which is dated 04.08.2017.

It was intimated that the bidder did not click the freeze button

and therefore, the bid is invalid and data uploaded by the

bidder is not retrievable through web application. The tender

details and bidder's logging details on server were also

supplied which showed the bid status of the petitioners as

“Invalid bid” .

In view of the report of the NIC, we directed the

NIC, respondent No.3, to file an affidavit in reply. Accordingly,

on 16.08.2017 an affidavitinreply is filed before us by Mrs.

Ireni A, Coordinator, eProcurement Software Division,

Mumbai. It is categorically stated that the bidder has not

clicked the freeze bid button and therefore, it did not generate

the acknowledgment, indicating all details in respect of the

completion of the bid submission.

The petitioners disputed the said statement and

filed an affidavit of Shri Arun Gupta, Managing Partner &

Director Ingenium Advisory Pvt. Ltd., who is an expert in the

field of information technology. The said affidavit was filed

on 21.08.2017, wherein it was categorically stated that even if

the clicking/effect of the freeze bid button is not recorded by

the system, the uploaded bid document will be encrypted and

stored on NIC's server or associate either on a 'file server',

'network attached storage', 'storage area network' or within a

database, as the case may be.

7 Considering the said affidavit, which discloses the

technical viability of the process, we thought it necessary to

afford an opportunity to the NIC to dealwith the said

affidavit. The NIC has again filed an affidavit on 23.08.2017,

reiterating its earlier stand that clicking freeze bid button is

mandatory requirement to complete the bid process which

would automatically generate an acknowledgement which

would indicate all details with respect to completion of the

bid submission. However, there is no reply to the specific

affidavit of Mr.Arun Gupta filed on behalf of the petitioners

and it has only stated in the affidavit that the affidavit of Shir

Gupta may not be considered by this court.

8 We have considered the rival contentions of the

parties. We have heard learned senior counsel Shri Iqbal

Chagla and learned senior counsel Shri Ravi Kadam on behalf

of the Petitioners and learned counsel Shri Girish Utangale

appearing for the MHADA and and the NIC. The learned

senior counsel appearing on behalf of the Petitioners argued

that when their bid documents were admittedly uploaded in

the eportal within stipulated time inspite of pressing freeze

bid button, the system of respondents did not record the same

and did not generate the acknowledgement. It is also

attempted to canvas before us that the pressing of freeze bid

button is not essential requisite for submission of the bid

document, as tender documents makes no reference to the

freeze button. According to the learned senior counsel, the

petitioners' essential requirement is the uploading of bid

document within the stipulated time. Learned senior counsel

Shri Chagla placed reliance on section 13 of the Information

Technology Act, 2000, which provides for time and place of

despatch and receipt of electronic record. According to him

the opinion of the expert in information technology, who had

filed an affidavit before this court, stating that the bid

document would be available on the NIC's server in the same

format and composition, as at the time of their uploading to

the said eportal, is not disputed by the NIC. The learned

senior counsel argued that even assuming the case against

himself, if bid freeze button is not pressed, at the most the

documents do not transmit to MHADA but they surely remain

in the server of the NIC since the NIC hosts the eportal system

website on www.mahatenders.gov.in and has a complete access

to all data readers to use eportal including such documents

that may be uploaded by the users on the site of eportal.

According to the learned senior counsel the screen shot copy

produced by the petitioners reveals that the technical as well

as financial documents of the petitioners were successfully

uploaded on 27.07.2017 at 12.16 p.m. with a full size of

40087.00 for the technical bid and 814.00 for the financial

bid. Thus according to him, the said files uploaded are

available on the server of the etender portal and with the

help of a technical staff, it is possible for the MHADA to

retrieve the submitted documents i.e. the technical and

financial bid of the petitioners.

Learned senior counsel for the Petitioners also

argues that since the process has the participation of three

bidders, who are technically qualified, there will be one more

bidder in the arena and it would subserve the public interest

by allowing one more bidder in the project of the huge

magnitude and according to him if the bid is retrieved, it

would not cause any prejudice to any other bidders or

MHADA. He placed reliance on the judgment of the Apex

Court in the case of M/s. Scania Commercial Vehicles India

Pvt. Ltd., vs. Govt. of Karnataka (2016 SCC OnLine Kar

6744). He also relied upon the judgment of the Division

Bench of this court (Coram : Swatanter Kumar, C.J. & A.M.

Khanwilkar,J.) in the case of Infrastructure Leasing and

Financial Services Ltd., & Anr. vs. State of Maharashtra &

Anr. in Writ Petition No. 1454 of 2009 with Chamber

Summons No. 266 of 2009 in WP1454 of 2009. He also

placed reliance on the judgment in the case of Khare and

Tarkunde Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd., vs. the State of

Maharashtra (2015 (4) MLJ 474).

9 On the very first date of issuing notice to the

respondents, we had specifically asked the learned counsel for

respondent no.2 to verify whether the bid of the petitioners

which is uploaded can be retrieved from the server of the

MHADA with the assistance of the NIC. We also repeatedly

inquired from the NIC, who is entrusted with the duty of

officially hosting, designing and developing websites and

servers for various governmental agencies as an expert body,

however, both the respondent nos. 2 and 3 have failed to

technically answer the question posed to them by us. The

Respondent No. 2 MHADA is relying upon the report of the

NIC to contend that the bid of the petitioners did not reach to

them and the NIC do not either explain to us technically as to

what happens to the bid once it is uploaded on the system and

whether the encryption technology permits the decryption, by

using the key available with the NIC and MHADA. We had

asked NIC to reply technically to the affidavit of expert filed

by the petitioners, but the NIC fails to touch the technical

aspects of the matter, and keeps on reiterating that if the

freeze bid button is not pressed, it is a invalid bid.

10 We are conscious of the fact that we are not a

technical expert, however, we cannot completely shut our

eyes to certain factual statements of the petitioners which are

not disputed by the NIC. The NIC has submitted a report

which is annexed by respondent no.1 alongwith its affidavit

dated 04.08.2017 and the report mentions the logging ID from

which the bid of the petitioner no. 1 was uploaded. It also

reflects that on 27.07.2017 the petitioners logged 5 times

with its IP address 182.72.45.2. The report also gives file

upload details of the petitioners bid reflecting the uploaded

date to be 27.07.2017 and shows that on the site/ on the given

dates, the of following files are uploaded :

G. File uploaded details :

Sr.

No.

File Name Uploaded date File size in KB

1 TECH.rar 27/07/17 12:06:24 PM 40087

2 FinancialBid.pdf. 27/07/17 12:16:43 PM 814

The report shows the number and time when the

petitioner bidder logged, as also other bidders logged in,

showing that there was no problem in the server during that

time. Further the report contains the following statement :

“In this case, the bidder has uploaded the technical

and financial documents before the bid submission

end date and time. However, the bidder has not

clicked on the freeze button. Unless or otherwise

the freeze button is clicked, the document will not be

available to the tender inviting authority and will

remain in the area allocated for the bidder.”

Further, in the affidavit filed by the NIC, the Coordinator of

Respondent No.3 , a following statement is made :

“When the documents are uploaded they are

encrypted using PKI technology and digital signature

certificates of Bid Openers predesignated by Tender

Inviting Authority for each tender. The encrypted

bids are stored safely in the storage attached to the

server. These encrypted bids would not be available

to tender Inviting Authority and cannot be

decrypted manually by any means. This full proof

process is followed as the electronic tendering is a

critical and sensitive application and no intervention

from any source should be able to tamper the bids.

This encryption methodology assures complete

security of the system. It is also submitted that NIC

does not have any access to the data.”

11 The expert of the petitioners who has filed an affidavit

before this court makes a following submission in para nos. 4

and 5 thereof :

“4. My present technical clarification deals with the

question as to whether the aforesaid bid documents

have been successfully uploaded by the First

Petitioner and whether the same can be accessed and

retrieved from the etender system and/or its

associated servers. Accordingly, I state that after

having attached the files comprising the bids

documents and hitting the submit or upload button

by the First petitioner, the First Petitioner's bid

documents get uploaded, i.e. copied, encrypted &

saved, from First Petitioner's Computer to remote

server/s of NIC in the hosted place given for MHADA.

I further clarify that the present Affidavit and my

views expressed hereinafter proceeds on the basis

that the Freeze Button did not get logged in the

Respondents system.

5. I say that even if the clicking/effect of the freeze

bid button is not recorded by the system, the

uploaded bid documents will be encrypted and stored

on NIC's server or associates either on a 'File Server',

'Network Attached Storage', 'Storage Area Network',

or within a database as the case may be. I say that in

the unnumbered paragraph 2 on Page 43 of the said

Affidavit, the Respondent No.3 clearly admits that the

bids are stored safely in storage attached to the

server. The server referred to in the said paragraph is

NIC's server as the documents have been uploaded

through NIC's eportal and cannot be a reference to

the server of the First Petitioner.”

12 The technical expert of the petitioners, on whom

the petitioner relies upon, has also filed his affidavit before

this court in response to the query of this court and states that

the petitioners' bid documents got uploaded i.e. copied,

encrypted and saved from the Petitioners Computer to the

server of the NIC. The said documents are encrypted and

stored on the NIC server or at the database and that the server

is the NIC's eportal. The expert has explained that the bid

openers i.e. the MHADA is authorized and duly equipped to

open the bids with decryption key to unlock the bids. It is

true that since the decryption key is held by the MHADA it will

be possible for MHADA and the NIC to jointly retrieve the

documents from NIC's server using the MHADA's decryption

key.

This particular technical aspect of the matter is not

replied to or answered either by the respondent no.2 or by the

respondent no.3 . The NIC in its report has specifically

admitted that after the bid was uploaded (the technical and

financial documents) before the bid submission date and

time but since the freeze button is not pressed, the document is

not available to the tender inviting authority i.e. the MHADA

but it will remain in the area allocated for the bidder. In the

affidavit of NIC it is categorically stated that the encrypted

bids are stored safely in the storage attached to the server.

Thus there is a clear admission given by the NIC that the

encrypted bids are stored in the storage attached to the

server which has the space allocated by the NIC for etendering

process for the Maharashtra Government and Respondent No.

2 MHADA was using the eportal provided by the NIC. This

statement appears to be borne from the record as the

government's eprocurement system of the NIC which was

produced before us and it involves various steps to be followed

by the bidder while logging in the government eprocurement

system. The said system provides logging ID to the bidder

which is generated by the password and thereafter the

bidder gets access to various tenders and several details of

the tender document. The bidder then proceeds to upload the

document needed for bidding in the technical stage and then

proceeds to fill the financial bid. Every time, he presses an

encryption button, on which the documents get uploaded.

Thereafter, he again enters the password and on clicking

“Ok” button, the packed bid document gets uploaded

successfully. Similar process is repeated in respect of the

financial bids.

When the petitioners receive the message that his

technical and financial bid documents have been uploaded

successfully and if either freeze button is not pressed,

generating an acknowledgment or if it is pressed but did not

get registered with the respondents website, then necessarily

the document did not get transmitted to the tendering

Authority and the NIC has rightly stated in its report dated

04.08.2017 that they “remain in the area of allocated for the

bidder”, which was created by the bidder by using password

and logging ID on the eportal of Respondent No.3. As we are

not a technical expert as to know what manner the data can

be deencrypted, but considering the admission and

submission of the parties, it is apparent that on uploading of

the documents they are saved on the server and since the

MHADA did not receive it, they lie within the server of the NIC

and it is not possible to accept the submission of the NIC that

it cannot be retrieved. Further more the NIC has itself stated

in the affidavit that no manual intervention is possible and

once the data got encrypted it remains saved in the server,

thus according to us, by following the methodology stated by

the expert in respect of the petitioners' in his affidavit dated

21.08.2017, we feel that the interest of justice can be subserved

by permitting the petitioners to participate in the

process and by giving directions to the respondent nos. 2 and 3

to access the bid documents of the petitioners which would

not cause prejudice to any of the participants since the financial

bids are not still opened and on the contrary it would be in

the interest of the State to have a wider choice of the bidders

since it would add one more bidder.

13 In the case of M/s. Scania Commercial Vehicles

India (cited supra), the Karnataka High Court dealt with the

similar situation where during the uploading of the tender, the

system displayed a message “unexpected error” in the eportal

which reflected a technical glitch. After dealing with the

factual scenario, the Karnataka High Court was pleased to

observe that it was not the case where the petitioner bidder

had not responded to the tender by attempting to upload the

bid within the prescribed time limit but due to some technical

hindrance, the bid was not uploaded and it was only available

in the ‘draft’ in the eportal of the respondent. The Court was,

therefore, called upon to deal with the question about

acceptance of the same and not to add anything to it or

uploading any further documents but only by retrieving,

viewing and evaluating the same. In this background, the

Karnataka High Court observed in paras 23 and 24 thus :

“23.. …..... Though such recording is at the back

end of the system, what was displayed on the

screen was as ‘unexpected error’ which made the

petitioner to contact the help desk, get clarification

and act accordingly which resulted in loss of time.

Hence, an appropriate software to display the

exact reason on the screen would have been

beneficial, which should also be the object if one is

to boast of adopting egovernance in its true intent.

In these circumstances when there is marginal delay

of less than 2 minutes in completing the process, if

an opportunity is granted and that too when it is

not an insertion or addition as fresh material, it will

neither be contrary to the Rules or the terms of

the tender requiring consideration of bids

submitted through eprocess. It will also not be

contrary to the dictum laid down in the above cited

decisions.

24. If such benefit is granted, in my opinion,

it will in fact be in public interest. As noticed the

tender floated is for procurement of 150 AC

premium buses and 350 nonAC buses involving

the cost of Rs.250 crores. The petitioner is a well

known manufacturer of buses and if they are

allowed to remain in the field it will only increase

the competition though ultimately it will all depend

on the technical as well as financial evaluation and

that too subject to the entire details being available

in the ‘draft’ that is already uploaded. On the other

hand if an opportunity is not granted only because

of the delay of less than 2 minutes and that too in

the circumstance stated above, it will leave only

the respondents no. 5 and 6 in the field without

much competition. To allow a tender of such

magnitude to the benefit of one or two tenderers

due to default rather on merit, it certainly is not in

public interest. While stating so, this court is also

conscious of the fact that it should not cause

prejudice to the bidders who are already in the

field. The petitioner should therefore, have benefit

of only the details which is sin the digital form as

‘draft’, in the eportal of the respondent no. 4,

which only shall be enabled by the respondent no. 4

to be retrieved, viewed and noted by respondent

no.3 and no other addition or subtraction can be

permitted ..... ….”.

In the judgment of Division Bench of this court in

Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services Ltd.'s case,

cited supra, relied upon by the learned senior counsel for the

petitioners, where the court was dealing with the acceptance

of bid through manual mechanism and where the bid was

received few minutes before the closing time but due to the

mistake of the clerk, the time was shown, two minutes after

the bid process was complete and the said bid was categorized

was ‘late bid’ and was not permissible to be accepted. The

Bombay High Court observed in para 28 of the said judgment

as follows :

“28. This entire problem can even be viewed from

another angle. Does any of the parties including

the Respondent particularly would suffer from any

prejudice if the tender of the Petitioners is also

permitted to be considered?. Obvious answer would

be in the negative. It is a tender of huge amount

and it will be in the interest of the State on the one

hand to have a wider choice out of the lowest

bidders and on the other hand, it would serve the

public interest. It can hardly serve any public

purpose and public interest if fair competition is

suppressed at this juncture. We are told that there

are only three tenderers including the Petitioners.

Nothing substantial has happened as yet. In our

view, no prejudice will be caused to any of the

parties including the Respondent who will get

wider zone of consideration by offering greater

competition which will always be in the public

interest. Obviously, the Petitioners would not gain

anything as all the bids are in a sealed cover and it

is for the State to take appropriate decision

depending upon the clear technical bids and

financial bids offered by the tenderers in

accordance with the terms and conditions of the

tender document.”

Further the Bombay High Court in dealing with a similar

issue as to whether the financial bid can be retrieved when

the system is closed, in Khare and Tarkunde Infrastructure

Pvt. Ltd.'s case, in a judgment delivered by the division bench

of this court (Coram : B.R. Gavai and V.M. Deshpande, JJ)

had summoned an expert in the information and technological

department and had made a particular query as to whether it

is possible to open financial bids after its closing date and it

received an answer in the positive and the court has recorded

so in paragraph 26 of the said judgment :

“26. It was submitted by the learned Government

Pleader yesterday that since the petitioner’s tender

was rejected and his bid was locked and, therefore,

it will not be possible for the State to open its

financial bid. We, therefore, requested the learned

Government pleader to ask the officer who is

conversant with the process of technology applied in

the tender matters to remain present in the Court.

Accordingly, Mr. Shrikant Golkutwar, Assistant

Engineer in Information and Technology

Department of the Public Works Department,

Nagpur is personally present in the Court. He has

stated that it is possible to open the financial bid of

the petitioner. On a specific query, he has stated

that it is not possible for the petitioner to change his

bid and the Department possesses the technical

experience to open the financial bid of the

petitioner as was submitted by it in its original

tender.”

Though the learned senior counsel for the petitioners has

argued before us that freezing button is not an essential

condition of the tender. In the light of the parameters laid

down by the Apex Court, as regards essential and nonessential

conditions of the tender, by making the reference to the

judgment in the case of Rashmi Metaliks Limited & Anr. vs.

Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority & Ors.

[2013 (10) Supreme Court Cases 95], we do not propose to go

into the issue whether the said condition was essential or not,

since the technology requires a particular thing to be done to

complete the process, it ought to be followed when the

bidders were given manual kits to follow. We are examining

the issue that when this system had failed, what is the

solution to be offered to a bidder, who cannot be said to be at

fault. We, therefore, do not feel necessary to refer to this

judgment cited by the learned senior counsel.

On perusal of the aforesaid position of law, as

reflected in various judgments, it is clear that technology has

its own glitches and the moot question is whether such

glitches, which causes substantial injustice are permitted to

be cured manually, when as on today we have not reached a

stage where the systems is full proof and gives a guarantee that

it is not susceptible to any error.

14 The impact of technology in our life today, is