Sunday, 25 October 2026

How to use gtk hash for checking correctness of hash value of digital evidence like pen drive and cctv footage produced before the court

 How the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 turned a forensic technique into a statutory requirement. Includes a practical guide to checking hashes with GtkHash.

Introduction

A pen drive or a CCTV clip reaches the courtroom as a bare file. It looks the same whether it is genuine or edited. The law therefore needs a way to show that the file produced in court is the same file that was seized or extracted. That way is the hash value.

The Supreme Court has described a hash value as "synonymous with an electronic fingerprint" that gives "a sure way of identifying and verifying digital data". A hash is produced by running a file through an algorithm such as MD5, SHA-1 or SHA-256. Changing even one bit of the file produces a completely different hash.

From Section 65B to Section 63 BSA

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Saturday, 24 October 2026

Speak Smarter, Click Safer: Digital Tools for Lawyers and the Public

 


1. Why these four tools

A lawyer drafting a public-awareness note, a student reading a judgment and a citizen who receives an unexpected payment link each need a different tool. Wispr Flow turns speech into text. Have I Been Pwned (HIBP) checks whether an email address appears in known breaches. MobiArmour scans links and QR codes for scam risk. PDF Expert is an annotation and editing app for Apple devices.

Tool

Runs on your Windows PC?

Runs on your iPad?

Main use

Wispr Flow

Yes (Windows 10 or 11, x64 only)

No - iPad is not supported

Dictation into any text field

Have I Been Pwned

Yes - in any browser

Yes - in any browser

Breach lookup for email addresses and passwords

MobiArmour

No Windows version found

Not confirmed; it is a mobile app (Android version on Google Play)

Link and QR-code scanning

PDF Expert

No - not available on Windows

Yes

Reading, annotating, signing and organising PDFs

Key correction: PDF Expert has no Windows version. Readdle's own download page says so and points

2. Wispr Flow: dictation on Windows

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From PDF to Judgment: A Judge’s Practical Guide to Digital Annotation

 




A judge can use PDF annotation in three connected ways: highlight the relevant passage, attach a working note explaining its significance, and save a route back to the document or precedent. India’s Digital Courts 2.1 web manual expressly documents highlighting, sticky notes, a document Note Pad, saved annotations, note-summary exports and the ability to star important judgments.

The following workflow explains those functions and suggests a disciplined way to use them. The colour scheme, sample notes and organisational methods below are recommendations—not mandatory judicial rules. All case examples are hypothetical.

First, distinguish three activities

Activity

What the judge does

Purpose

Mark a passage

Highlights or underlines selected text and, where useful, adds a sticky note; these tools are documented in Digital Courts 2.1.

Suggested use: identify a passage worth returning to during the hearing.

Maintain working notes

Uses the document Note Pad or other annotation tools; the manual says added digi-notes are saved for future reference.

Suggested use: organise issues, competing evidence and unresolved questions.

Flag a precedent

Stars a judgment, adds a note and retrieves it through Important Judgements; notes can be searched by keyword.

Suggested use: retain a reusable legal proposition with its source.

 

A working note should remain a question or provisional assessment until the relevant material and arguments have been considered. As an organising safeguard, separate “allegation,” “admission,” “evidence,” and “finding” rather than using one undifferentiated set of highlights.

Open the correct case file

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Supreme Court: Pre-Trial Detention Cannot Be Permitted To Degenerate Into Punishment Without Trial

There can be no gainsaying that allegations of large-scale financial impropriety and institutional collusion in the execution of a public welfare project such as the "Jal Jeevan Mission" are grave and warrant serious scrutiny. We think, the State is justified in opposing the grant of bail to persons Accused of involvement in such extensive criminal activity. Nevertheless, the gravity of the allegations, however serious, cannot by itself eclipse all other considerations governing the grant of bail or justify indefinite pre-trial detention. {Para 9}

As repeatedly emphasised by this Court, prolonged pre-trial detention cannot be permitted to degenerate into punishment without trial in derogation of an undertrial's Fundamental Right to personal liberty and speedy trial guaranteed Under Article 21 of the Constitution.

 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

Criminal Appeal No. 4995 of 2026 

Mahesh Chandra Joshi Vs. State of Rajasthan

Hon'ble Judges/Coram:

Dipankar Datta and Sheel Nagu, JJ.

Decided On: 16.10.2026

Citation: MANU/SC/1195/2026.

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