When doctrine of Forum non conveniens is applicable?

Forum non conveniens

4. To clarify the position with regard to forum non conveniens, a slight

digression would be in order. Black‘s Law Dictionary, 5th Edition, defines

the phrase ―forum non conveniens‖ as follows:-

―Term refers to discretionary power of court to decline

jurisdiction when convenience of parties and of justice would

be better served if action were brought and tried in another

forum. Johnson v. Spider Staging Corp., 87 Wash.2d 577, 555

P.2d 997, 999, 1000.‖

And further as:-

―The doctrine is patterned upon the right of the court in the

exercise of its powers to refuse the imposition upon its

jurisdiction of the trial of cases even though the venue is

properly laid if it appears that for the convenience of litigants

and witnesses and in the interest of justice the action should be

instituted in another forum where the action might have been

brought. Hayes v. Chicago, R.I. & P. R. Co., D.C. Minn., 79

F. Supp. 821, 824. The doctrine presupposes at least two

forums in which the defendant is amenable to process and

furnishes criteria for choice between such forums. Wilson v.

Seas Shipping Co., D.C.N.Y., 77 F.Supp. 423,424. …….‖

―The rule is an equitable one embracing the discretionary

power of a court to decline to exercise jurisdiction which it has

over a transitory cause of action when it believes that the

action may be more appropriately and justly tried elsewhere.

Leet v. Union Pac. R. Co., 25 Cal.2d 605, 155 P.2d 42,

44……‖

(underlining added)

The principle was stated by Lord Kinnear in Sim v. Robinow: (1892) 19 K.

665 thus:

―The general rule was stated by the late Lord President in

Clements v. Macaulay 4 Macph. 593, in the following terms:

'In cases in which jurisdiction is competently founded, a court

has no discretion whether it shall exercise its jurisdiction or

not, but is bound to award the justice which a suitor comes to

ask. Judex tenetur impertiri judicium suum {a judge must

exercise jurisdiction in every case in which he is seized of it}

and the plea under consideration must not be stretched so as to

interfere with the general principle of jurisprudence.' And

Therefore the plea can never be sustained unless the court is

satisfied that there is some other tribunal, having competent

jurisdiction, in which the case may be tried more suitably for

the interests of all the parties and for the ends of justice... In all

these cases there was one indispensable element present when

the court gave effect to the plea of forum non conveniens,

namely, that the court was satisfied that there was another

court in which the action ought to be tried as being more

convenient for all the parties, and more suitable for the ends of

justice."

(underlining added)

5. In Mayar (H.K.) Ltd v. Owners & Parties, Vessel M.V. Fortune

Express: (2006) 3 SCC 100, the Supreme Court quoted with approval the

explanation of the ambit of the principle of forum non conveniens for

issuing an order of stay as given by the House of Lords in Spiliada

Maritime Corpn. V. Cansulex Ltd: (1986) All ER 843 which was to the

following effect:

―(1) The fundamental principle applicable to both the stay of

English proceedings on the ground that some other forum was

the appropriate forum and also the grant of leave to serve

proceedings out of the jurisdiction was that the court would

choose that forum in which the case could be tried more

suitably for the interests of all the parties and for the ends of

justice…

(2) In the case of an application for a stay of English

proceedings the burden of proof lay on the defendant to show

that the court should exercise its discretion to grant a stay.

Moreover, the defendant was required to show not merely that

England was not the natural or appropriate forum for the trial

but that there was another available forum which was clearly

or distinctly more appropriate than the English forum. In

considering whether there was another forum which was more

appropriate the court would look for that forum with which the

action had the most real and substantial connection e.g. in

terms of convenience or expense, availability of witnesses, the

law governing the relevant transaction, and the places where

the parties resided or carried on business. If the court

concluded that there was no other available forum which was

more appropriate than the English Court it would normally

refuse a stay. If, however, the court concluded that there was

another forum which was prima facie more appropriate the

court would normally grant a stay unless there were

circumstances militating against a stay e.g. if the plaintiff

would not obtain justice in the foreign jurisdiction….‖

6. In a more recent decision of the House of Lords [Tehrani v. Secy of

State for the Home Department: [2006] UKHL 47] it was observed:-

―The doctrine of forum non conveniens is a good example of a

reason, established by judicial authority, why a court should

not exercise a jurisdiction that (in the strict sense) it possesses.

Issues of forum non conveniens do not arise unless there are

competing courts each of which has jurisdiction (in the strict

sense) to deal with the subject matter of the dispute. It seems

to me plain that if one of the two competing courts lacks

jurisdiction (in the strict sense) a plea of forum non conveniens

could never be a bar to the exercise by the other court of its

jurisdiction.‖

(underlining added)

7. Thus, the doctrine of forum non conveniens can only be invoked

where the court deciding not to exercise jurisdiction, has jurisdiction to

decide the case. The U.S. Supreme Court also held in Gulf Oil Corp. v.

Gilbert: 330 U.S. 501 that "[I]ndeed, the doctrine of forum non conveniens

can never apply if there is absence of jurisdiction or mistake of venue".

8. In this very decision (viz. Gulf Oil Corp.) the doctrine is stated as

follows:

―The principle of forum non conveniens is simply that a court

may resist imposition upon its jurisdiction even where

jurisdiction is authorised by the letter of a general venue

statute. These statutes are drawn with a necessary generality

and usually give a plaintiff a choice of courts, so that he may

be quite sure of some place in which to pursue his remedy. But

the open door may admit those who seek not simply justice

but perhaps justice blended with some harassment. A plaintiff

sometimes is under temptation to resort to a strategy of forcing

the trial at a most inconvenient place for an adversary, even at

some inconvenience to himself.‖

9. From the above discussion, it is clear that the doctrine of forum non

conveniens can only be invoked where the court deciding not to exercise 

jurisdiction, has jurisdiction in the strict sense, but comes to the conclusion

that some other court, which also has jurisdiction, would be the more

convenient forum. It must also be kept in mind that the doctrine of forum

non conveniens is essentially a common law doctrine originating from

admiralty cases having trans-national implications. It is clear that the

doctrine of forum non conveniens is only available when a Court has the

jurisdiction but the respondent is able to establish the existence of another

competent court.

THE HIGH COURT OF DELHI AT NEW DELHI

 Judgment delivered on: 21.07.2016

 FAO (OS) 9/2015 and CM No. 326/2015

MCDONALD’S INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED 

versus

VIKRAM BAKSHI & ORS 

CORAM:-

HON’BLE MR JUSTICE BADAR DURREZ AHMED

HON’BLE MR JUSTICE SANJEEV SACHDEVA

1. The present appeal has been preferred against the judgment dated

22.12.2014 delivered by a learned Single Judge of this Court in IA

6207/2014 which was an application under Order 39 Rules 1 and 2 of the

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908. In the said application, the respondent

Nos. 1 and 2 (plaintiffs) had prayed for an ad interim injunction against the

arbitration proceedings initiated by the appellant (defendant No.1) before

the London Court of International Arbitration at London, U.K. The said 

application had been filed in CS(OS) 962/2014 in which the respondent

Nos. 1 and 2 (plaintiffs) had sought, inter alia, a declaration that there is no

arbitration agreement between the plaintiffs (respondent Nos. 1 and 2) and

the defendant No.1 (appellant) and an injunction restraining the appellant

(defendant No.1) and the London Court of International Arbitration

(defendant No.3) from proceeding with any arbitration. A declaration was

also sought that the arbitration agreement contained in the Joint Venture

Agreement (JVA) was illegal and/ or void and /or inoperative or incapable

of performance.

2. By virtue of the impugned judgment, the learned Single Judge has

restrained the appellant from pursuing the arbitration proceedings before

the said Arbitral Tribunal till the disposal of the suit or alternatively till the

status quo order, which was granted by the Company Law Board on

16.09.2013 and continued till further orders on 04.10.2013 in Company

Petition No. 110/ND/2013, is not vacated. The learned Single Judge came

to the conclusion that the plaintiffs (respondent Nos. 1 and 2) had been able

to show prima facie that the arbitration agreement between the parties was

inoperative or incapable of performance on account of the fact that the

plaintiffs had already filed a petition for oppression and mismanagement 

before the Company Law Board in India which had directed the appellant

to maintain status quo with regard to the shareholding pattern of the

respondent No.3 during the pendency of the petition. The learned single

Judge also observed that the dispute which was pending between the parties

before the Company Law Board with regard to oppression and

mismanagement would overlap the disputes sought to be raised by the

appellant in the arbitral proceedings on the assertion that the appellant was

well within its right to terminate the Joint Venture Agreement and refer the

dispute for adjudication before the Arbitral Tribunal. The learned Single

Judge was also of the opinion that the London Court of International

Arbitration was a forum non-conveniens particularly on account of the fact

that the parties, except one of the defendants, were carrying on business in

India, the cause of action had accrued in India, the governing law between

the parties was the law of India and in case the Award was passed in favour

of the defendants, it had to be enforced in India according to Indian laws.

The learned Single Judge was of the opinion that simply by having the

Arbitral Tribunal located at London, it became forum non-conveniens and,

therefore, the carrying on of the arbitration proceedings by the defendants,

when the company petition was pending before the Company Law Board,

was oppressive and vexatious.

3. The appellant has challenged the impugned judgment by way of this

appeal. At the outset, we may point out that the observations of the learned

Single Judge with regard to the forum non-conveniens argument are not

correct in law. When we posed this question before Mr Aryama Sundaram,

the learned senior counsel who appeared on behalf of the respondents, he

submitted that he is not pressing the case on the basis of the submissions

made on forum non-conveniens and would not rely on the observations of

the learned Single Judge with regard to the forum non-conveniens

argument. We are making it clear that the forum non-conveniens argument

was, therefore, not stressed before us by the respondents nor could they

have because the observations of the learned Single Judge on this aspect of

the matter are contrary to law and, therefore, would not hold good. In order

to substantiate this, some comment on the forum non conveniens principle

would be necessary.

Forum non conveniens

4. To clarify the position with regard to forum non conveniens, a slight

digression would be in order. Black‘s Law Dictionary, 5th Edition, defines

the phrase ―forum non conveniens‖ as follows:-

―Term refers to discretionary power of court to decline

jurisdiction when convenience of parties and of justice would

be better served if action were brought and tried in another

forum. Johnson v. Spider Staging Corp., 87 Wash.2d 577, 555

P.2d 997, 999, 1000.‖

And further as:-

―The doctrine is patterned upon the right of the court in the

exercise of its powers to refuse the imposition upon its

jurisdiction of the trial of cases even though the venue is

properly laid if it appears that for the convenience of litigants

and witnesses and in the interest of justice the action should be

instituted in another forum where the action might have been

brought. Hayes v. Chicago, R.I. & P. R. Co., D.C. Minn., 79

F. Supp. 821, 824. The doctrine presupposes at least two

forums in which the defendant is amenable to process and

furnishes criteria for choice between such forums. Wilson v.

Seas Shipping Co., D.C.N.Y., 77 F.Supp. 423,424. …….‖

―The rule is an equitable one embracing the discretionary

power of a court to decline to exercise jurisdiction which it has

over a transitory cause of action when it believes that the

action may be more appropriately and justly tried elsewhere.

Leet v. Union Pac. R. Co., 25 Cal.2d 605, 155 P.2d 42,

44……‖

(underlining added)

The principle was stated by Lord Kinnear in Sim v. Robinow: (1892) 19 K.

665 thus:

―The general rule was stated by the late Lord President in

Clements v. Macaulay 4 Macph. 593, in the following terms:

'In cases in which jurisdiction is competently founded, a court

has no discretion whether it shall exercise its jurisdiction or

not, but is bound to award the justice which a suitor comes to

ask. Judex tenetur impertiri judicium suum {a judge must

exercise jurisdiction in every case in which he is seized of it}

and the plea under consideration must not be stretched so as to

interfere with the general principle of jurisprudence.' And

Therefore the plea can never be sustained unless the court is

satisfied that there is some other tribunal, having competent

jurisdiction, in which the case may be tried more suitably for

the interests of all the parties and for the ends of justice... In all

these cases there was one indispensable element present when

the court gave effect to the plea of forum non conveniens,

namely, that the court was satisfied that there was another

court in which the action ought to be tried as being more

convenient for all the parties, and more suitable for the ends of

justice."

(underlining added)

5. In Mayar (H.K.) Ltd v. Owners & Parties, Vessel M.V. Fortune

Express: (2006) 3 SCC 100, the Supreme Court quoted with approval the

explanation of the ambit of the principle of forum non conveniens for

issuing an order of stay as given by the House of Lords in Spiliada

Maritime Corpn. V. Cansulex Ltd: (1986) All ER 843 which was to the

following effect:

―(1) The fundamental principle applicable to both the stay of

English proceedings on the ground that some other forum was

the appropriate forum and also the grant of leave to serve

proceedings out of the jurisdiction was that the court would

choose that forum in which the case could be tried more

suitably for the interests of all the parties and for the ends of

justice…

(2) In the case of an application for a stay of English

proceedings the burden of proof lay on the defendant to show

that the court should exercise its discretion to grant a stay.

Moreover, the defendant was required to show not merely that

England was not the natural or appropriate forum for the trial

but that there was another available forum which was clearly

or distinctly more appropriate than the English forum. In

considering whether there was another forum which was more

appropriate the court would look for that forum with which the

action had the most real and substantial connection e.g. in

terms of convenience or expense, availability of witnesses, the

law governing the relevant transaction, and the places where

the parties resided or carried on business. If the court

concluded that there was no other available forum which was

more appropriate than the English Court it would normally

refuse a stay. If, however, the court concluded that there was

another forum which was prima facie more appropriate the

court would normally grant a stay unless there were

circumstances militating against a stay e.g. if the plaintiff

would not obtain justice in the foreign jurisdiction….‖

6. In a more recent decision of the House of Lords [Tehrani v. Secy of

State for the Home Department: [2006] UKHL 47] it was observed:-

―The doctrine of forum non conveniens is a good example of a

reason, established by judicial authority, why a court should

not exercise a jurisdiction that (in the strict sense) it possesses.

Issues of forum non conveniens do not arise unless there are

competing courts each of which has jurisdiction (in the strict

sense) to deal with the subject matter of the dispute. It seems

to me plain that if one of the two competing courts lacks

jurisdiction (in the strict sense) a plea of forum non conveniens

could never be a bar to the exercise by the other court of its

jurisdiction.‖

(underlining added)

7. Thus, the doctrine of forum non conveniens can only be invoked

where the court deciding not to exercise jurisdiction, has jurisdiction to

decide the case. The U.S. Supreme Court also held in Gulf Oil Corp. v.

Gilbert: 330 U.S. 501 that "[I]ndeed, the doctrine of forum non conveniens

can never apply if there is absence of jurisdiction or mistake of venue".

8. In this very decision (viz. Gulf Oil Corp.) the doctrine is stated as

follows:

―The principle of forum non conveniens is simply that a court

may resist imposition upon its jurisdiction even where

jurisdiction is authorised by the letter of a general venue

statute. These statutes are drawn with a necessary generality

and usually give a plaintiff a choice of courts, so that he may

be quite sure of some place in which to pursue his remedy. But

the open door may admit those who seek not simply justice

but perhaps justice blended with some harassment. A plaintiff

sometimes is under temptation to resort to a strategy of forcing

the trial at a most inconvenient place for an adversary, even at

some inconvenience to himself.‖

9. From the above discussion, it is clear that the doctrine of forum non

conveniens can only be invoked where the court deciding not to exercise 

jurisdiction, has jurisdiction in the strict sense, but comes to the conclusion

that some other court, which also has jurisdiction, would be the more

convenient forum. It must also be kept in mind that the doctrine of forum

non conveniens is essentially a common law doctrine originating from

admiralty cases having trans-national implications. It is clear that the

doctrine of forum non conveniens is only available when a Court has the

jurisdiction but the respondent is able to establish the existence of another

competent court.

10. Clearly, the principle applies when there are competing courts, each

of which has jurisdiction to deal with the subject matter of the dispute.

This principle would have no application to the case at hand. First of all,

there is no competing court. Here we have a court and an arbitral tribunal

(which is certainly not a court). Secondly, the subject matter of dispute

before this court is different from that before the arbitral tribunal. The

subject matter before this court is the plea of an anti-arbitration injunction

and the subject matter before the arbitral tribunal is the substantive dispute

under the JVA. Thirdly, the forum of arbitration consciously chosen by the

parties as an alternative forum of dispute resolution, alternative to the

forum of a court, cannot be regarded as an inconvenient forum. Fourthly, 

the place of arbitration chosen by the parties cannot be regarded as an

‗inconvenient place‘.

11. As a rule, the plea of forum non conveniens can only be raised by a

defendant or respondent. But, in India, there is an exception to this rule that

the principle of forum non conveniens can only be invoked by a defendant.

And, that is the case of an anti-suit action which is different and distinct

from an anti-arbitration action. But, even an anti-suit injunction cannot be

granted against a defendant where parties have agreed to submit to the

exclusive jurisdiction of a court including a foreign court save in

exceptional circumstances such as (1) which permit a contracting party to

be relieved of the burden of the contract; or (2) where, after the date of the

contract, subsequent events have made it impossible, for the party seeking

injunction, to prosecute the case in the court of choice because the essence

of the jurisdiction of the court does not exist; or (3) because of a vis major

or force majeure and the like (see: Modi Entertainment Network and

Another v. W.S.G. Cricket PTE Ltd: (2003) 4 SCC 341, 360).

12. There is yet another aspect upon which some comment is required.

The principle of forum non conveniens is essentially an equitable common

law principle giving a court the discretion to not exercise a jurisdiction 

which it has on the ground that there exists another court which also has

jurisdiction but which is more convenient to the parties and for the trial of

the suit. But, in India, within India, a court at place ‗A‘ which has

jurisdiction cannot say that it shall not exercise that jurisdiction because

there is another court at place ‗B‘ which also has jurisdiction and would be

more convenient. The Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 does not permit it.

The court in which a suit is initiated, if it has jurisdiction, has to proceed

with the suit even if there is another court where also the suit could have

been instituted. The provision of stay of suit under Section 10 CPC also

does not contemplate a forum non conveniens situation. Neither does the

provision of Order 7 Rule 10 (Return of the plaint) where the court returns

a plaint for want of jurisdiction. But, if there are two courts of competent

jurisdiction, then, if the suit is instituted in one court, which is inconvenient

to the defendant, the latter could invoke the provisions of Section 24 CPC

or Section 25 CPC as the case may be. Therefore, in India, the statute

provides for situations where the common law equitable principles of forum

non conveniens and the like would be applicable.

13. Thus, the arguments addressed before us proceeded on aspects other

than the forum non-conveniens argument. Principally, the arguments were 

on the issues as to whether the court could at all interfere in the course of an

arbitral proceeding and whether the arbitral proceedings could be regarded

as vexatious or oppressive and whether the arbitration agreement was null

and void and/ or incapable of performance and whether there was waiver of

the arbitration clause on the part of the appellant because of its withdrawal

of a petition under Section 45 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996

(hereinafter referred to as ‗the said Act‘) which had been filed before the

Company Law Board in the said Company Petition. Before we embark

upon a discussion of the rival arguments, it would be necessary to set out

the facts leading to the present appeal.

Facts:

14. On 31.03.1995, the appellant (McDonald‘s India Private Limited)

(MIPL), Mr Vikram Bakshi (VB) (respondent No.1) and McDonald‘s

Corporation, USA entered into a Joint Venture Agreement (JVA) for the

purposes of setting up and operating McDonald‘s restaurants initially

within the National Capital Region of Delhi on a non-exclusive basis.

Essentially, the agreement was between MIPL and VB and, McDonald‘s

Corporation, USA was a confirming party. The JVA stipulated that

promptly after the execution of the agreement and receipt of all necessary FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 13 of 63

governmental approvals, MIPL and VB shall form a JV Company in which

MIPL and VB were to have 50% shares each which would be paid up in

full when issued. The relevant clauses of the JVA are set out herein under:-

―7. Managing Director. The JV Parties shall promptly cause

the nomination and election of Partner as the sole Managing

Director of JV Company.

a) Acceptance. Partner agrees to accept the office

of Managing Director, to maintain his residence in the

National Capital Region of Delhi, and to devote his

full business time and best efforts to the promotion

and development of the McDonald's Restaurants

operated by the JV Company.

xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

(e) Re-election of Managing Director The

Managing Director shall be elected every two (2) years.

McDonald's agrees to vote for the re-election of Partner

as Managing Director for so long as:

(1) he resides in the National Capital Region of

Delhi and spends substantially all of his business

time in the performance of his obligations under this

Agreement and the Operating License Agreements

executed hereunder;

(2) he and the Investing Company (as defined

below), in combination, own at least 50% of the

equity shares of JV Company;

(3) he discharges the responsibilities of

management of JV Company in a competent and

faithful manner; FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 14 of 63

(4) he is not in breach of any term of this

Agreement or any other agreement between the JV

Parties or their affiliates or subsidiaries.‖

xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

―32. McDonald's Option to Purchase Shares. McDonald's,

any of its wholly-owned subsidiaries or affiliates as

designated by McDonald's, or any person or entity

designated by McDonald's, may purchase all of the shares

of JV Company owned or controlled by Partner at a

purchase price determined in accordance with Paragraph 26

above if any of the following events shall occur:

(a) Partner personally fails to maintain his principal

residence in the National Capital Region of Delhi or

fails to devote his full business time and best efforts to

JV Company;

(b) Partner terminates or suffers the termination of his

relationship as Managing Director of JV Company,

other than by reason of his death or incapacity. In the

event of Partner's death or incapacity, Paragraph 29(d)

shall govern; or

(c) upon expiration or termination of this Agreement.‖

xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

―35. Termination by Non-Defaulting Party. The Parties

agree that any of the following events constitutes material default

of this Agreement:

(a) failure to make the investment required by Paragraph

3;

(b) failure of the other JV Party to vote shares in JV

Company for the election of Directors and/or the

Managing Director in accordance with Paragraphs 6 FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 15 of 63

and 7, or to otherwise vote in a Shareholders meeting

in accordance with Paragraph 4;

(c) the transfer of shares in JV Company or

encumbrance of shares in JV Company by the other

JV Party in violation of Paragraphs 4, 27, 28, 29 or

30;

(d) JV Company or the other JV Party shall enter

bankruptcy, composition, reorganisation, liquidation,

or arrangement proceedings or shall become

insolvent due to its or his inability to pay its or his

debts as they become due;

(e) JV Company shall have a negative net worth (as

calculated on a historical basis, in accordance with

generally accepted accounting principles in the

United States) as of the end of any fiscal quarter

exceeding the Indian Rupee equivalent of US

$1,000,000;

(f) All required governmental approvals to consummate

this Agreement are not received within twelve (12)

months after the date of this Agreement.

(g) All required governmental approvals to consummate

the Operating License Agreements executed

hereunder are not received within twelve (12) months

after the date of such Agreements.

In the event of such material default, the non-defaulting Party

shall give written notice of default to the defaulting Party, and

may terminate this Agreement if the event of default remains

unremedied sixty (60) days after the date of such notice; provided,

however, that no such remedy period shall be required if the

default involves Paragraph 35(c), (f) or (g).FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 16 of 63

36. Termination by McDonald’s. The Parties further agree

that the any of following events constitutes material default of this

Agreement:

(a) Partner shall fail to serve as Managing Director in

accordance with Paragraph 7;

(b) Partner or JV Company shall use the Property in violation

of Paragraph 23;

(c) Partner shall knowingly or intentionally violate the

covenants respecting competition and conflicts of interest

contained in Paragraphs 24 and 25;

(d) Partner shall assign any interest of this Agreement in

violation of Paragraph 40(e);

(e) Partner breaches covenants contained in Paragraphs 10,

13, 45 or 46 or representations or warranties therein are

found to be untrue;

(f) Repeated delays or failures to make delivery of the reports

required by Paragraph 14;

(g) Any Operating License Agreement shall be terminated by

reason of default by JV Company.

In the event of such material default, McDonald‘s shall

give written notice of default to Partner, and may terminate this

Agreement if the event of default remains unremedied sixty (60)

days after the date of such notice; provided, however, that no such

remedy period shall be required if the default involves Paragraph

36 (d).

37. Effect of Termination. Upon termination of this

Agreement:FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 17 of 63

(a) McDonald‘s or a designee may elect either to purchase all

shares owned and controlled by Partner in JV Company at

a purchase price determined as of the date of notice of

termination in accordance with Paragraph 26 above or,

(b) McDonald‘s may elect not to purchase all shares owned

by Partner in JV Company, and in that event, the JV

Parties agree that:

(i) the Operating License Agreements shall be

terminated or assigned as directed by McDonald‘s;

(ii) the JV Parties agree to vote promptly in a General

Meeting of Shareholders for dissolution and

liquidation of JV Company;

(iii) the JV Parties shall cause JV Company to

discontinue use of and return all Property,

information and materials to McDonald‘s;

(iv) The JV Parties agree that in liquidating JV

Company and in turn in disposing of existing

leaseholds, freeholds and other assets, McDonald‘s

or a company designated by it shall have a right of

first refusal to acquire any such leasehold, freehold

or other asset.

(v) The JV Parties shall cause JV Company to cease

the production of McDonald‘s food products and

the operation of McDonald‘s Restaurants.‖

xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

―40. Miscellaneousa.

Governing Law. This Agreement shall be construed

in accordance with and governed by the laws of India and FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 18 of 63

will be subject to the jurisdiction of the courts in New

Delhi, India, except for any Indian choice of law or

conflicts of law rules which might direct the application

of the laws of any other jurisdiction.

b. Arbitration. On demand of either JV Party, any

unresolved dispute which may arise in connection with

Paragraphs 35, 36, 37, 38 or 39 of this Agreement shall

be submitted for arbitration to be administered by the

London Court of International Arbitration (the ―LCIA‖).

Such arbitration proceedings shall be conducted in

London, England and shall be conducted before a panel

of three (3) arbitrators and shall be conducted in

accordance with the then current commercial arbitration

rules of the LCIA for international arbitrations. Partner

and McDonald‘s shall each appoint one arbitrator and the

two arbitrators so appointed shall appoint a third

arbitrator to act as Chairman of the tribunal. If a JV Party

fails to nominate an arbitrator within thirty (30) days

from the date when the claimant‘s request for arbitration

has been communicated to the other JV Party, such

appointment shall be made by the LCIA. The two

arbitrators thus appointed shall attempt to agree upon the

third arbitrator to act as Chairman. If the two arbitrators

fail to nominate the Chairman within thirty (30) days

from the date of appointment of the second arbitrator to

be appointed, the Chairman shall be appointed by the

LCIA. The JV Parties shall have the right to the broadest

investigation of the facts surrounding the dispute,

provided that any dispute between the parties relating to

such investigation shall be submitted to the arbitral

tribunal for resolution. The arbitrators shall have the

right to award or include in their award any relief which

they deem proper in the circumstances, including without FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 19 of 63

limitation, money damages (with interest on unpaid

amounts from date due), specific performance, injunctive

relief, legal fees and costs. The award and decision of the

arbitrators shall be conclusive and binding upon the JV

Parties and judgment upon the award may be entered in

any court of competent jurisdiction. Partner and

McDonald‘s waive any right to contest the validity or

enforceability of such award. The JV Parties further

agree to be bound by the provisions of any applicable

limitation on the period of time in which claims must be

brought.

xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx‖

15. Thereafter, on 29.06.1995, the respondent No.3 (Connaught Plaza

Restaurants Private Limited) was incorporated pursuant to the JVA to

operate McDonald‘s restaurants on a non-exclusive basis in the NCR of

Delhi. In the respondent No.3 company, MIPL held Rs 14.56 crores equity

share capital. In addition, MIPL also held preference share capital to the

extent of Rs 177.30 crores and also licensed the respondent No.3 to use the

McDonald‘s brand. In effect, MIPL held 92.95% of the total issued and

paid up share capital (ordinary + preference shares). VB also invested

Rs 14.56 crores towards the equity share capital, thereby both MIPL and

VB held 50% each of the ordinary shares of the respondent No.3 company. FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 20 of 63

16. On 11.12.1998, a supplemental agreement, supplementary to the

JVA, was entered into by virtue of which the respondent No.2 (Bakshi

Holdings Private Limited) also became bound by the JVA as if it was an

original party.

17. On 17.07.2013, the agreement for appointment of VB as the

Managing Director of the respondent No.3 expired by afflux of time. On

06.08.2013, at a meeting of the Board of Directors of the respondent No.3,

VB was not re-elected as its Managing Director.

18. On 16.08.2013, the appellant issued a notice to VB and the

respondent No. 2, electing to exercise the option to purchase the shares of

the respondent No.3 company held by VB and the respondent No.2 and for

determination of the fair market value of such shares in terms of paragraph

33 read with paragraphs 32 and 26 of the JVA. The call option was

exercised on the purported ground that VB had ceased to be the Managing

Director of the respondent No.3 as the term of his office had expired on

17.07.2013 and he was not re-elected in the Board meeting held on

06.08.2013. It was the case of the appellant that it could exercise the said

call option because of the provision of paragraph 32(b) of the JVA which

stipulated that the appellant (MIPL) could opt to purchase all the sharesFAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 21 of 63

owned or controlled by VB if VB suffered the termination of his

relationship as a Managing Director of the respondent No. 3 company.

19. VB and the respondent No.2 filed a Company Petition, being CP

110/ND/2013 before the Company Law Board alleging oppression and

mismanagement against the appellant (MIPL) and sought reinstatement of

VB as the Managing Director of the respondent No. 3. On 16.09.2013, the

Company Law Board passed an order directing, inter alia, MIPL to

maintain status quo over the share holding, board pattern and right of call

option until the next date of hearing which was to be on 25.09.2013. This

status quo order was continued by the Company Law Board until further

orders by another order dated 04.10.2013 and is still in operation.

20. In the meanwhile, on 22.09.2013, MIPL filed an application (CA

No. 94/2013) in the said Company Petition under Section 45 of the said Act

seeking a reference of the respondent Nos. 1 and 2‘s claims to arbitration in

view of the arbitration agreement contained in the JVA.

21. On 28.11.2013, MIPL terminated the JVA by a notice of termination

in which it, inter alia, alleged that covenants contained in the JVA had been

broken by VB and that the good faith and mutual confidence between FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 22 of 63

MIPL and VB had been irrevocably lost. It was also alleged that VB

through his express words and conduct had also repudiated the JVA. MIPL

also elected, in view of paragraph 37(a) of the JVA, to purchase all the

shares held by VB, directly or indirectly through the respondent No. 2, in

the respondent No. 3 company upon the termination of the JVA.

22. On the very next day, that is, on 29.11.2013, MIPL invoked the

arbitration agreement by its request for arbitration and instituted arbitration

proceedings in the London Court of International Arbitration. Shortly

thereafter, on 02.12.2013, MIPL filed a petition under Section 9 of the said

Act before this Court seeking interim reliefs in aid of the arbitration

proceedings. By an order dated 02.12.2013 passed in the said Section 9

application (OMP 1196/2013), the same was disposed of, but after

recording the following:-

―7. Both Mr. Kaul, learned counsel for Respondent No.1 and

Mr. Mukherjee; learned counsel for Respondent No.2 state on

instructions and, without prejudice to the contentions of the

Respondents in the CLB regarding the arbitrability of the

disputes, that status quo will be maintained as regards the

shareholding of Respondents 1 and 2 in CPRL, as well as in the

shareholding pattern of Respondent No.2, till such time, interim

directions/orders are issued in the arbitral proceedings, if any.FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 23 of 63

8. The above statement of the Respondents is taken on

record and will bind them. However, it is clarified that this

order is without prejudice to the contentions of the Respondents

regarding the arbitrability of the disputes.‖

(underlining added)

23. On 02.12.2013 itself, MIPL filed an application (CA No. 153/2013)

before the Company Law Board bringing to its notice the subsequent events

as also the termination of the JVA and the factum of initiation of arbitration

proceedings and prayed for vacation of the status quo order. On

13.12.2013, VB and the respondent No. 2 filed an application (CA

No. 164/2014) before the Company Law Board, inter alia, challenging the

termination of the JVA and seeking stay of the arbitral proceedings on the

ground that the application under Section 45 was still pending. On

30.12.2013, the Company Law Board declined stay of arbitration by virtue

of a reasoned order.

24. On 30.12.2013 itself, VB and the respondent No.2 appointed their

nominee arbitrator in the arbitration proceedings, of course, without

prejudice to their jurisdictional objections. On 30.01.2014, MIPL withdrew

its application under Section 45 of the said Act (CA No. 94/2013) on the

ground that due to the termination of the JVA, the Company Petition itself FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 24 of 63

became infructuous and seeking a reference of VB‘s and the respondent

No.2‘s claims in the Company Petition to arbitration would be an exercise

in futility. It may be pointed out at this juncture itself that although an

appeal against the order declining stay of arbitration dated 30.12.2013 had

been filed by VB and the respondent No. 2 before this Court, the same was

not pursued. According to VB and the respondent No. 2, the appeal was

not pursued because MIPL had withdrawn its application under Section 45

of the said Act.

25. On 29.03.2014, approximately four months after the arbitration

proceedings had commenced, VB and the respondent No. 2 filed the said

suit [CS(OS) 962/2014] before this Court. Along with the said suit, the

said IA 6207/2014 under Order 39 Rules 1 and 2 seeking ad interim stay of

the arbitration proceedings was also filed.

26. On 03.04.2014, VB and the respondent No. 2 deposited an amount of

GBP 30,000 with the London Court of International Arbitration by way of

an initial advance towards the expenses of the arbitration proceedings. On

30.04.2014, after hearing detailed submissions on IA 6207/2014, the

learned Single Judge reserved orders. On 18.07.2014, MIPL filed its

written statement in the suit without prejudice to its application seeking FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 25 of 63

rejection of the plaint which it had filed on 14.04.2014 under Order 7 Rule

11 CPC. On 09.06.2014, MIPL filed its statement of case before the

London Court of International Arbitration setting out its separate and

distinct claims relating to the termination of the JVA. This was followed,

on 04.08.2014 by the statement of defence filed by VB and the respondent

No.2 in the said arbitration proceedings subject to its jurisdictional

objections.

27. On 29.10.2014, MIPL filed its statement of reply and response to the

jurisdictional objections taken by VB and the respondent No. 2 in the

arbitration proceedings and on 05.12.2014, VB and the respondent No. 2

filed their statement of rejoinder and reply to the response with regard to

the jurisdictional objections before the London Court of International

arbitration.

28. Thereafter, on 22.12.2014, the learned Single Judge delivered the

impugned judgment restraining MIPL from pursuing the arbitration

proceedings until the disposal of the suit or until the status quo order passed

by the Company Law Board was vacated. Being aggrieved by the

impugned judgment, the present appeal has been filed.FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 26 of 63

Summary of facts:

From the above narration of facts, the following points emerge:-

1) The company petition pending before the Company Law Board is on

account of MIPL not re-electing VB as the Managing Director of the

respondent No.3 and, consequent thereupon, in MIPL exercising its

call option. This conduct on the part of MIPL has been challenged in

the Company Law Board by VB and respondent No.2 under sections

397 and 398 of the Companies Act, 1956 as amounting to oppression

and mismanagement. An order has been passed in those proceedings

whereby MIPL has been directed to maintain status quo with regard to

share holding, board pattern and the right of call option. That order

has been continued and is still operating;

2) When this company petition was filed, MIPL filed an application

under Section 45 of the said Act seeking a reference of the claims

raised by VB and respondent No.2 in the company petition to

arbitration. That application has subsequently been withdrawn on

30.01.2014;FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 27 of 63

3) After the filing of the company petition, the JVA was terminated by

MIPL through a notice dated 28.11.2013 and MIPL also elected to

purchase all the shares of VB and respondent No.2 in respondent

No.3;

4) Immediately after the termination of the JVA, MIPL invoked the

arbitration clause in respect of their purported rights leading to and

flowing from the termination of the JVA. Shortly, thereafter, on

02.12.2013, MIPL filed a petition under Section 9 of the said Act,

which was disposed of by a learned single Judge of this court on

02.12.2013 after recording the statement made on behalf of VB and

Respondent No.2 that they shall maintain status quo with regard to

their share-holding in respondent No.3 till such time interim directions

/ orders are issued in the arbitral proceedings. This was, however,

without prejudice to the issue of arbitrability which had been raised by

VB and Respondent No.2 before the Arbitral Tribunal. The order

clearly records that the statement of the said respondents was taken on

record and that they would be bound by it. From this, it appears that

VB and respondent No.2 conceded that the question of arbitrability as

also the competence of the arbitral tribunal was to be decided by the FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 28 of 63

arbitral tribunal itself and that the interim order passed by the learned

single Judge would continue to operate till other or further directions /

orders were issued in the arbitral proceedings.

5) VB and Respondent No.2 sought to challenge the termination of the

JVA in the pending company petition before the Company Law Board

and sought stay of the arbitral proceedings. This was declined by the

Company Law Board by a reasoned order. Apparently, an appeal was

filed against the order declining stay, but the same was not pursued by

VB and Respondent No.2 on the purported ground that since the

Section 45 application had been withdrawn by MIPL, there was no

occasion to take the appeal any further;

6) Thereafter, VB and Respondent No.2 participated in various steps

before the arbitral tribunal. Of course, without prejudice to their

objection to the competence of the arbitral tribunal and the issue of the

arbitrability which was to be decided by the arbitral tribunal itself;

7) After all this, VB and Respondent No.2 filed the suit [CS(OS)

962/2014] seeking an injunction of the arbitration proceedings. In the

application under Order 39 Rules 1 and 2 filed in the said suit, the

learned single Judge has restrained MIPL by the impugned judgment FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 29 of 63

dated 22.12.2014 from pursuing the arbitration proceedings until the

disposal of the suit or until the status quo order passed by the

Company Law Board was vacated.

The Law:

29. In Naviera Amazonica Peruana S.A. v. Compania Internacional De

Seguros Del Peru: (1988) 1 Lloyd’s Rep 116 (CA), the Court of Appeal in

England observed as under:-

―All contracts which provide for arbitration and contain a

foreign element may involve three potentially relevant systems

of law: (1) the law governing the substantive contract; (2) the

law governing the agreement to arbitrate and the performance

of that agreement; (3) the law governing the conduct of the

arbitration. In the majority of cases all three will be the same.

But (1) will often be different from (2) and (3). And

occasionally, but rarely, (2) may also differ from (3).‖

30. Several decisions were cited with regard to the issue of grant of an

anti-arbitration injunction or an injunction order granted in a suit restraining

arbitration proceedings. The decision in V.O. Tractoroexport, Moscow v.

Tarapore & Company and Another: 1969 (3) SCC 562 was relied upon by

the learned counsel for the respondents. In that case, one of the questions

related to the jurisdiction of the courts in India to grant an injunction

restraining a party which, in that case, was a Moscow firm, to proceed with FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 30 of 63

the conduct of an arbitration before a tribunal there. The High Court had

granted an interim injunction restraining the Russian firm from proceeding

with the arbitration at Moscow. The Supreme Court noted the rule as stated

in Halsbury‘s Laws of England, Volume 21 at page 407, with regard to

foreign proceedings. It noted that the court would restrain a person within

its jurisdiction from instituting or prosecuting suits in a foreign court

whenever the circumstances of the case make such an interposition

necessary or proper. Specifically, it was noted that the jurisdiction would

be exercised whenever there is vexation or oppression. The Supreme Court

observed and held as under:-

―27. If the venue of the arbitration proceedings had been in

India and if the provisions of the Arbitration Act of 1940, had

been applicable, the suit and the arbitration proceedings could

not have been allowed to go on simultaneously and either the

suit would have been stayed under Section 34 or if it was not

stayed, and the arbitrators were notified about the pendency of

the suit, they would have had to stay the arbitration proceedings

because under Section 35 such proceedings would become

invalid if there was identity between the subject-matter of the

reference and the suit. In the present case, when the suit is not

being stayed under Section 34 of the Act it would be contrary to

the principle underlying Section 35 not to grant an injunction

restraining the Russian Firm from proceeding with the

arbitration at Moscow. The principle essentially is that the

arbitrators should not proceed with the arbitration side by side

in rivalry or in competition as if it were a Civil Court.‖

(underlining added)FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 31 of 63

31. It would be clear from the above extract that the observations of the

Supreme Court were in the context of the Arbitration Act, 1940 and,

particularly, with reference to Section 35 and the principles embodied in

Sections 34 and 35 of that Act. Sections 34 and 35 of the Arbitration Act,

1940 read as under:-

―34. Power to stay legal proceedings where there is an

arbitration agreement.– Where any party to an arbitration

agreement or any person claiming under him commences any

legal proceedings against any other party to the agreement or

any person claiming under him in respect of any matter agreed

to be referred, any party to such legal proceedings may, at any

time before filing a written statement or taking any other steps

in the proceedings, apply to the judicial authority before which

the proceedings are pending to stay the proceedings ; and if

satisfied that there is no sufficient reason why the matter should

not be referred in accordance with the arbitration agreement and

that the applicant was, at the time when the proceedings were

commenced, and still remains, ready and willing to do all things

necessary to the proper conduct of the arbitration, such

authority may make an order staying the proceedings.

35. Effect of legal proceedings on arbitration.– (1) No

reference nor award shall be rendered invalid by reason only of

the commencement of legal proceedings upon the subjectmatter

of the reference, but when legal proceedings upon the

whole of the subject-matter of the reference have been

commenced between all the parties to the reference and notice

thereof has been given to the arbitrators or umpire, all further

proceedings in a pending reference shall, unless a stay of

proceedings is granted under Sec. 34, be invalid.

(2) In this section the expression "parties to the reference"

includes any persons claiming under any of the parties and

litigating under the same title.‖FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 32 of 63

32. Based on these two provisions, the Supreme Court was of the view

that a suit and an arbitration proceeding cannot go on simultaneously and

that either the suit would have to be stayed under Section 34 or, if it was

not so stayed by the court before which the suit is filed, the arbitrator, if

notified about the pendency of the suit, would have to stay the arbitration

proceedings because, otherwise under Section 35 of the 1940 Act, such

proceedings before the arbitrators would become invalid if there was

identity between the subject matter of the reference and the suit. The

Supreme Court clearly spelt out the applicable principle in terms of the

provisions of the 1940 Act to be that the arbitrator should not proceed with

the arbitration side by side in rivalry or in competition as if it were a civil

court. This pronouncement of the Supreme Court was based, as already

mentioned above, on the provisions of the 1940 Act and, in particular, the

interplay between the provisions of Sections 34 and 35 thereof. But, in the

present case, we are concerned with the Arbitration and Conciliation Act,

1996 and not the Arbitration Act, 1940, which stands repealed. Under the

1996 Act, whether Part I thereof or Part II is applicable, the focus seems to

have shifted towards directing the parties to arbitration rather than deciding

the same subject matter as a civil suit. This is clearly discernible from FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 33 of 63

Section 8 of the 1996 Act as also Section 45 thereof. In both eventualities,

in an action which is brought before a court and which also happens to be

the subject of an arbitration agreement, on the request made by one of the

parties, the court is duty bound to refer the parties to arbitration. Unless, of

course, in a case where Section 45 of the 1996 Act applies, the arbitration

agreement is null and void, inoperative or incapable of being performed. It

is clear that the principles applicable under the 1940 Act and those under

the 1996 Act with regard to such references are entirely different.

33. Therefore, we are of the view that this decision would not be of any

help to the respondents in support of the impugned judgment whereby an

anti-arbitration injunction has been granted.

34. The decision in Oil and Natural Gas Commission v. Western

Company of North America: 1987 (1) SCC 496, which was also sought to

be pressed into service by the respondents, was, like the Tractoroexport

case (supra), a pre-1996 Act decision and, which followed Tractoroexport

(supra). Therefore, the decision in ONGC (supra) would also be of no

assistance to the respondents.FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 34 of 63

35. The decision in Union of India v. Dabhol Power Company: [Suit

No.1268/2003, decided on 05.05.2004] is, in any event, not binding on us

because it is a decision of a learned single Judge of this court. In this case,

reliance was placed on Tractoroexport (supra) and ONGC (supra), which,

we have pointed out, would really not be of help in the backdrop of the

1996 Act. Furthermore, in the said decision, the learned single Judge

observed that Section 5 as well as Section 45 of the 1996 Act do not stand

in the way of this court while invoking inherent powers and that the

inherent jurisdiction can be exercised whenever there is vexation of

oppression. We do not agree with this proposition and that would be clear

from the discussion below.

36. A reference was also made to LMJ International Limited v.

Sleepwell Industries Co. Limited & Another: 2014 (1) Arb. LR 227

(Calcutta) (DB). The question in that case was with regard to the power

and jurisdiction of a civil court to restrain a party from making a reference

to an international commercial arbitration and to have the said dispute

resolved by such international arbitration. While discussing the said

question, a Division Bench of the Calcutta High Court referred to the

Supreme Court decision in Modi Entertainment Network and Another v. FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 35 of 63

W.S.G. Cricket Pte. Ltd: 2003 (1) Arb. LR 533 (SC), which was

essentially a decision pertaining to anti-suit injunctions. The Supreme

Court, in Modi Entertainment Network (supra), laid down the following

principles governing an anti-suit injunction:-

―1. In exercising discretion to grant an anti-suit injunction

the court must be satisfied of the following aspects:-

(a) the defendant, against whom injunction is sought,

is amenable to the personal jurisdiction of the

court;

(b) if the injunction is declined the ends of justice will

be defeated and injustice will be perpetuated; and

(c) the principle of comity - respect for the court in

which the commencement or continuance of action

/ proceeding is sought to be restrained - must be

borne in mind;

2. In a case where more forums than one are available, the

Court in exercise of its discretion to grant anti-suit

injunction will examine as to which is the appropriate

forum (Forum conveniens) having regard to the

convenience of the parties and may grant anti-suit

injunction in regard to proceedings which are oppressive

or vexations or in a forum non-conveniens;

3. Where a jurisdiction of a Court is invoked on the basis of

jurisdiction clause in a contract, the recitals therein in

regard to exclusive or nonexclusive jurisdiction of the

court of choice of the parties are not determinative but are

relevant factors and when a question arises as to the

nature of jurisdiction agreed to between the parties the

court has to decide the same on a true interpretation of 

the contract on the facts and in the circumstances of each

case;

4. A court of natural jurisdiction will not normally grant

anti-suit injunction against a defendant before it where

parties have agreed to submit to the exclusive jurisdiction

of a court including a foreign court, a forum of their

choice in regard to the commencement or continuance of

proceedings in the court of choice, save in an exceptional

case for good and sufficient reasons, with a view to

prevent injustice in circumstances such as which permit a

contracting party to be relieved of the burden of the

contract; or since the date for the contract the

circumstances or subsequent events have made it

impossible for the party seeking injunction to prosecute

the case in the court of choice because the essence of the

jurisdiction of the court does not exist or because of a vis

major or force majeure and the like;

5. Where parties have agreed, under a non-exclusive

jurisdiction clause, to approach a neutral foreign forum

and be governed by the law applicable to it for the

resolution of their disputes arising under the contract,

ordinarily no anti-suit injunction will be granted in regard

to proceedings in such a forum conveniens and favoured

forum as it shall be presumed that the parties have

thought over their convenience and all other relevant

factors before submitting to non-exclusive jurisdiction of

the court of their choice which cannot be treated just an

alternative forum;

6. A party to the contract containing jurisdiction clause

cannot normally be prevented from approaching the court

of choice of the parties as it would amount to aiding

breach of the contract; yet when one of the parties to the

jurisdiction clause approaches the court of choice in

which exclusive or non-exclusive jurisdiction is created,

the proceedings in that court cannot per se be treated as FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 37 of 63

vexatious or oppressive nor can the court be said to be

forum non-conveniens;

7. The burden of establishing that the forum of the choice is

a forum non-conveniens or the proceedings therein are

oppressive or vexatious would be on the party so

contending to aver and prove the same.‖

37. It is important to note that the present case pertains to an antiarbitration

injunction and the principles governing the present case cannot

be the same as one governing a case of an anti-suit injunction. This is so

because of the principles of autonomy of arbitration and the competencecompetence

(Kompetenz-kompetenz) principle. For the present, it is

necessary to note point numbers 6 and 7 in the extract from the Supreme

Court decision in Modi Entertainment Network (supra). It has been

observed that when one of the parties to a contract containing a jurisdiction

clause approaches the court of choice in which exclusive or non-exclusive

jurisdiction is created, the proceedings in that court cannot per se be treated

as vexatious or oppressive. Furthermore, the burden of establishing that the

proceedings in the forum of choice are oppressive or vexatious would be on

the party so contending to aver and prove the same.

38. The only principle on which the respondents‘ case is based is that the

arbitration proceedings at London would be vexatious or oppressive. But, FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 38 of 63

as pointed out in Modi Entertainment Network (supra), merely because an

arbitration is proceeded with at the place of choice (London), would not,

per se amount to a vexatious or oppressive proceeding. The onus would be

on the respondents to establish that the arbitration proceedings are

oppressive or vexatious. We may also note that the learned counsel for the

respondents had categorically stated that it is not the place of arbitration or

the expenses which would be incurred for the conduct of arbitration

proceedings at London, which is the objection on their part. The objection

is to the forum of arbitration itself being vexatious. In other words, the

grievance of the respondents is not with regard to the place of arbitration,

but to the arbitration proceedings itself !

39. Coming back to the decision of the Calcutta High Court in LMJ

International Limited (supra), we find that on the facts of the case, the

court decided that there was no demonstrable injustice or harassment

caused by the reason of initiation of arbitral proceedings and, therefore, the

plaintiff therein was not entitled to an order of injunction. A reference in

that case was also made to a decision of the Court of Appeal in England in

the case of Albon (T/A NA Carriage Co.) v. Naza Motor Training SDN FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 39 of 63

BHD: 2008 (1) Lloyds Law Reports 1, to which we shall specifically refer

later in this judgment.

40. Another decision on which reliance was placed by the learned

counsel for the respondents was that of a Division Bench of the Madras

High Court in PPN Power Generating Company Limited v. PPN

(Mauritius) Co. and Others: 2006 (129) Comp Cas 849 (Mad). One of

the questions which arose for consideration before the Division Bench of

the Madras High Court was whether the Company Law Board had inherent

powers to grant an anti-suit injunction and, if so, whether such power had

not been properly exercised in the case at hand. That case was entirely on

the principles of an anti-suit injunction and did not have the trappings of an

anti-arbitration injunction. The said case was decided on the basis of

Regulation 44 and Section 402(g) of the Companies Act, 1956 with regard

to the inherent powers of the Company Law Board. References were made

to the Supreme Court decision in Modi Entertainment Network (supra)

and Tractoroexport (supra), which we have already discussed above. In

the facts of the case, the Madras High Court did not find it fit to issue an

injunction as the proceedings complained were neither vexatious nor FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 40 of 63

oppressive. In any event, this decision is not of any help to the respondents

as it does not deal with the case of an anti-arbitration injunction.

41. In another decision referred to by the respondents, which was of a

learned single Judge of the High Court in Calcutta in the case of the Board

of Trustees of the Port of Kolkata v. Louis Dreyfus Armatures SAS &

Others: G.A. No.1997/2014 in CS No.220/2014, the circumstances under

which an anti-arbitration injunction could be granted were summarised as

under:-

―(i) If an issue is raised whether there is any valid arbitration

agreement between the parties and the Court is of the

view that no agreement exists between the parties.

(ii) If the arbitration agreement is null and void, inoperative

or incapable of being performed.

(iii) Continuation of foreign arbitration proceeding might be

oppressive or vexatious or unconscionable.‖

42. It would be noticed straightaway that the points (i) and (ii) extracted

above are essentially taken from Section 45 of the 1996 Act. The only

addition being point No. (iii) where it was submitted that an anti-arbitration

injunction could be granted if the continuation of ‗foreign‘ arbitration

proceedings were to be oppressive, vexatious or unconscionable.FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 41 of 63

43. In Essel Sports Pvt. Ltd. v. Board of Control for Cricket in India &

Others: ILR (2011) V Delhi 585, the plaintiff (BCCI) had prayed for a

perpetual injunction against ESPL from initiating any action against BCCI

in any other judicial forum in respect of the allegations, subject matter and

reliefs contained and covered in an earlier suit which was pending before

the Delhi High Court. The Division Bench observed, after examining the

claims and contentions of the parties, that the causes of action in the two

proceedings in India and in England were substantially and materially the

same. Reliance was thereafter placed on Modi Entertainment Network

(supra) to observe that a subsequent suit, if held to be vexatious and

oppressive could be injuncted by the Indian courts provided other necessary

ingredients were also satisfied. It was observed that if a party endeavoured

to invoke the jurisdiction of a foreign court to a cause of action already

being prosecuted in the national forum, it would amount to vexatious

litigation. It also sounded a note of caution that the courts have to be

circumspect in exercising their power to issue an anti-suit injunction. But,

it must do so where the ends of justice would otherwise be defeated. In

conclusion, the Division Bench in ESSEL Sports Pvt Ltd (supra) held that

BCCI had been able to establish the vexatious and oppressive nature of the

U.K. action which ESPL was pursuing and, therefore, passed an interim FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 42 of 63

injunction against ESPL from proceeding with the U.K. action to the extent

the U.K. action contained allegations against BCCI or that the adjudication

of that action overlapped the pending suit in India. It goes without saying

that the said decision of the Division Bench in ESSL Sports Pvt Ltd (supra)

was also a case of an anti-suit injunction and was not concerned with an

anti-arbitration injunction. It applied the principles for an anti-suit

injunction laid down in Modi Entertainment Network (supra).

44. We had noted, while discussing LMJ International Limited (supra),

that the decision of the Court of Appeal in England in the case of Albon v.

Naza Motor Training SDN BHD (supra) would be specifically referred to.

That was a case where arbitration proceedings had been injuncted. There

was an arbitration clause in a written document called the Joint Venture

Agreement. A dispute had been raised with regard to the JVA being a

forgery. The court below had granted an injunction mainly because there

would be limited scope for the arbitrators to proceed with the arbitration till

the authenticity of the JVA had been decided and it would be oppressive for

Mr Albon who had limited funds to be required to fight a battle on two

fronts and it would not be long before the question of authenticity would be

decided by the court. It was also noted in paragraph 2 of the said decision FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 43 of 63

that it had been agreed that the question of authenticity was to be

determined finally by the English Courts. The Court of Appeal noted, inter

alia, that there was a good arguable case that not only Mr Albon‘s signature

on the JVA had been forged but that the forgery was brought into existence

after Mr Albon issued his proceedings and in order to stop the English

proceedings in their tracks. It was further noted that the English Court was

to be the final Judge on the question of authenticity of the JVA and that as

such the question of authenticity could not be determined by the

Arbitrators. It is in these circumstances that it was observed that the

immediate and co-extensive continuance of arbitration proceedings was

unconscionable (in the sense of being oppressive) for very much the same

reason which the court below gave. It was considered to be a needless

expense and that it would be difficult to avoid over-proliferation of

pleadings and disclosure, if the parties did not know whether it would be

ultimately determined that the JVA was genuine or not. Paras 16 and 17 of

the said decision of the Court of Appeal are relevant. They are extracted

below:-

―16. That leaves for consideration the argument relating to the

autonomy of the arbitration tribunal. It is said that the caution

exercised by the court relating to anti-suit injunctions should be

increased or even re-doubled in the case of an anti-arbitration

injunction. It is further said that the judge is effectively case FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 44 of 63

managing the arbitration and that it should be for the arbitrators,

not the English Court, to decide whether the arbitration should

proceed pending resolution of the genuineness of the JVA.

17. In the ordinary case there would be much to be said for

this argument. But this is not an ordinary case because of the

features set out in paragraph 13 above. It is properly arguable

that the agreement to arbitrate has been forged in order to defeat

proceedings properly brought in England and, in addition to

this, it is at present agreed that the English Court will determine

that question. The autonomy of the arbitrators has thus already

been undermined because they are, in any event, precluded for

the present from determining that question. In these

circumstances it is not right to say that the judge is attempting

to case-manage the arbitration. It would be more accurate to

say that he is case-managing the application before him which

will determine in England the question whether the JHVA is

authentic or not.‖

(underlining added)

45. It is thus clear that the anti-arbitration injunction was granted in the

extreme circumstances as referred to above. The existence of the

arbitration clause was in peril because of the ―properly arguable‖ case that

the agreement to arbitrate had been forged in order to defeat the

proceedings properly brought in England. The main ground for the grant of

an anti-arbitration injunction was that the arbitration agreement itself was

suspect and was introduced only to defeat the proceedings which had

already been properly brought in England. The case at hand is entirely

different.FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 45 of 63

46. The decision in Excalibur Venture LLC v. Texas Keystone Inc &

Others: 2011 EWHC 1624 (Comm) was also referred to by the learned

counsel for the respondents as another instance of an anti-arbitration

injunction. One of the issues, which arose for consideration in Excalibur

(supra) was whether the court had jurisdiction to grant an injunction

restraining Excalibur (supra) from proceeding with the arbitration

proceedings against the Gulf defendants. It was observed in paragraph 54

of the said decision that English Courts clearly had jurisdiction under

Section 37 of the Senior Courts Act, 1981 (more or less equivalent to

Section 151 of the Code of Civil Procedure 1908) to grant injunctions

restraining arbitrations where the seat of arbitration is in a foreign

jurisdiction, although that power is only to be exercised in exceptional

cases and with caution. In paragraph 55, it was noted that an English court

would be particularly slow to restrain arbitration proceedings where there is

an agreement for the arbitration to have its seat in a foreign jurisdiction and

the parties have ―unquestionably agreed‖ to the foreign arbitration clause.

That is because given the priority to be accorded to the parties choice of

arbitration and the limited nature of the court‘s power to intervene under

the provisions of the Arbitration Act 1996 (the English Act) the court FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 46 of 63

should not simply apply the same approach as for the grant of a normal

anti-suit injunction. It was also observed that questions relating to

arbitrability or jurisdiction, or to staying the arbitration, may in appropriate

circumstances better be left to the foreign courts having supervisory

jurisdiction over the arbitration.

47. Paragraphs 56 and 57 of the said decision are relevant and they are

set out hereinbelow:-

―56. Nonetheless, in exceptional cases, for example where the

continuation of the foreign arbitration proceedings may be

oppressive or unconscionable so far as the applicant is

concerned, the court may exercise its power under s37 to grant

such an injunction. Those circumstances include the situation

where the very issue is whether or not the parties consented to a

foreign arbitration, or where, for example, there is an allegation

that the arbitration agreement is a forgery. See also: Dicey,

Morris & Collins: The Conflict of Laws, 14th Edition, 4th

Cumulative Supplement at 16–0-88.

57. Moreover, it is clear from the decision of the Supreme

Court in Dallah Real Estate and Tourism v Ministry of

Religious Affairs of the Government of Pakistan [2010] UKSC

46 that, despite the doctrine of “Kompetenz-kompetenz” or

―competence-competence‖ (i.e. the ability of an arbitral tribunal

to determine its own jurisdiction even where challenged), the

English court retains the jurisdiction to determine the issue as to

whether there was ever an agreement to arbitrate; see ibid per

Lord Mance at paragraphs 26 — 30; Lord Collins at paragraphs

84, 93-98, 105–106. The question is whether it is appropriate to

do so in the particular circumstances of the case.‖

(underlining added )FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 47 of 63

48. It is pertinent to note that this case, that is, Excalibur (supra) stresses

upon the difference of approach between a normal anti-suit injunction and

an injunction restraining arbitration proceedings. We are also in agreement

with this view. There must be a distinction between an anti-suit injunction

and an anti-arbitration injunction. The principles which apply to an antisuit

injunction will not necessarily apply to an anti-arbitration injunction. It

is further important to note that the exceptional cases where arbitrations

could be injuncted upon holding that the arbitration proceedings would be

oppressive or unconscionable were regarded as those circumstances which

would include the situation where the very issue was whether or not the

parties had consented to the arbitration or where there was an allegation

that the arbitration agreement was a forgery just as in the case of Albon

(supra). It is clear that none of these exceptional circumstances arise in the

present case.

49. It is also important to note that although the competence-competence

principle was applicable and the arbitral tribunal had the requisite

competence to determine its own jurisdiction, the courts in England

retained the jurisdiction to determine the issue as to whether there was ever

an agreement to arbitrate. In our view, the same principle would apply FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 48 of 63

insofar as the courts in India are concerned. The courts in India would

certainly have the jurisdiction to determine the question as to whether an

arbitration agreement was void or a nullity. But, that is not the case here.

Jurisdiction of the Civil Court

50. It was argued before the learned single Judge that the civil court does

not have any jurisdiction to entertain a suit, the subject matter of which is

also covered by an arbitration agreement. References were made to

Sections 9 and 20 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 as also to Sections

5 and 45 of the 1996 Act. On the one hand, it was argued on behalf of the

appellant (defendant) that because of the provisions of Sections 5 and 45 of

the 1996 Act, a civil court did not have jurisdiction to intervene in a matter

which was the subject of arbitration and, therefore, the suit was not

maintainable. On the other hand, it was argued on behalf of the respondent

(plaintiff) that there was no absolute bar to a suit being filed before a civil

court to seek an injunction against an arbitration proceeding. In this

context, there was a debate with regard to the impact of the decisions of the

Supreme Court in the case of Chatterjee Petrochem Coompany v. Haldia

Petrochemicals Limited: 2014 (14) SCC 574 and World Sport Group

(Mauritious) Limited v. MSM Satellite (Singapore) Pte. Ltd: 2014 (11)FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 49 of 63

SCC 639. The appellant had relied on Chatterjee Petrochem (supra) to

submit that Section 5 of the 1996 Act, which bars judicial intervention by

judicial authorities in respect of arbitration agreements would also be

applicable to international agreements. In Chatterjee Petrochem (supra),

reliance was, in turn, placed on Venture Global Engineering v. Satyam

Computer Services Limited and Another: 2008 (4) SCC 190 (this decision

has, of course, been overruled in Bharat Aluminium Company and Others

v. Kaiser Aluminium Technical Service, Inc. & Others: 2012 (9) SCC 552

but only with respect to arbitration agreements entered into on or after

06.09.2012). In Venture Global (supra), which would apply to the present

case inasmuch as the agreement was prior to 06.09.2012, it was held that

the scheme of the Act is such that the general provisions of Part I, including

Section 5, will apply to all chapters or parts of the Act. Reliance was

placed on World Sport Group (supra) to contend that a suit of the present

nature would be maintainable in certain circumstances, such as where the

arbitration agreement was null and void, inoperative or incapable of being

performed. The learned single Judge, in our view, fell into an unnecessary

tangle in coming to the conclusion that the decisions in Chatterjee

Petrochem (supra) and World Sport Group (supra) were diametrically

opposed to each other. We do not think that that is the correct view. In any FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 50 of 63

event, the decision in World Sport Group (supra), which was also relied

upon by the appellant, does not, in any manner, hamper the case of the

appellant or advance the case of the respondents. The decision in World

Sport Group (supra) was clearly dealing with an agreement for arbitration

to which the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of

Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958 applied. Consequently, sections 44 and

45 of the 1996 Act were referred to and relied upon. The said provisions

read as under:-

―44. Definition.–In this Chapter, unless the context otherwise

requires, "foreign award" means an arbitral award on

differences between persons arising out of legal relationships,

whether contractual or not, considered as commercial under the

law in force in India, made on or after the 11th day of October,

1960—

(a) in pursuance of an agreement in writing for arbitration to

which the Convention set forth in the First Schedule

applies, and

(b) in one of such territories as the Central Government,

being satisfied that reciprocal provisions have been made

may, by notification in the Official Gazette, declare to be

territories to which the said Convention applies.

45. Power of judicial authority to refer parties to

arbitration.–Notwithstanding anything contained in Part I or in

the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908), a judicial

authority, when seized of an action in a matter in respect of

which the parties have made an agreement referred to in section

44, shall, at the request of one of the parties or any person

claiming through or under him, refer the parties to arbitration, 

unless it finds that the said agreement is null and void,

inoperative or incapable of being performed.‖

51. The Supreme Court in World Sport Group (supra) observed that

Section 45 made it clear that notwithstanding anything contained in Part I

or in the Code of Civil Procedure, a judicial authority, when seized of an

action in a matter in respect of which the parties have made an agreement

referred to in Section 44, shall, at the request of one of the parties or any

person claiming through or under him, refer the parties to arbitration, unless

it finds that the said agreement is null and void, inoperative or incapable of

being performed. It is evident from the said decision that even if, under

Section 9 CPC read with Section 20 CPC, this court had jurisdiction to

entertain a suit, once a request is made by one of the parties or any person

claiming through or under him to refer the parties to arbitration, this court

would be obliged to refer the parties to arbitration unless it found that the

agreement was null and void, inoperative or incapable of being performed.

Importantly, the Supreme Court also noted that even if no formal

application to refer the parties to arbitration is made and an objection is

filed to the effect that the arbitration has already been invoked and

arbitration proceedings have commenced, that would itself amount to a

request made by a party to refer the parties to arbitration which had already

commenced. It was clarified that no formal application was necessary for

invoking the provisions of Section 45 of the 1996 Act. The Supreme Court

decision in World Sport Group (supra) also noted that the provisions of

Article II of the New York Convention and, in particular, paragraph 3

thereof, was mirrored in Section 45 of the 1996 Act. The Supreme Court

referred to various authorities in order to ascertain the meaning of the

expressions ‗null and void‘, ‗inoperative‘ and ‗incapable of being

performed‘. The relevant paragraphs of the said decision are set out

hereinbelow:-

―33. Mr. Gopal Subramanium's contention, however, is also

that the arbitration agreement was inoperative or incapable of

being performed as allegations of fraud could be enquired into

by the court and not by the arbitrator. The authorities on the

meaning of the words "inoperative or incapable of being

performed" do not support this contention of Mr. Subramanium.

The words "inoperative or incapable of being performed" in

Section 45 of the Act have been taken from Article II (3) of the

New York Convention as set out in para 22 of this judgment.

Redfern and Hunter on International Arbitration (5th Ed.)

published by the Oxford University Press has explained the

meaning of these words "inoperative or incapable of being

performed" used in the New York Convention at page 148,

thus:

―At first sight it is difficult to see a distinction

between the terms 'inoperative' and 'incapable of

being performed'. However, an arbitration clause is

inoperative where it has ceased to have effect as a

result, for example, of a failure by the parties to

comply with a time-limit, or where the parties have

by their conduct impliedly revoked the arbitration

agreement. By contrast, the expression 'incapable of

being performed' appears to refer to more practical

aspects of the prospective arbitration proceedings. It

applies, for example, if for some reason it is

impossible to establish the arbitral tribunal.‖

34. Albert Jan Van Den Berg in an article titled "The New

York Convention, 1958—An Overview" published in the

website of ICCA [www.arbitrationicca.org/media/0/12125884227980/new_york_convention_of-

1958_overview.pdf], referring to Article II(3) of the New York

Convention, states:

―The words "null and void" may be

interpreted as referring to those cases where the

arbitration agreement is affected by some invalidity

right from the beginning, such as lack of consent

due to misrepresentation, duress, fraud or undue

influence.

The word "inoperative" can be said to cover

those cases where the arbitration agreement has

ceased to have effect, such as revocation by the

parties.

The words "incapable of being performed"

would seem to apply to those cases where the

arbitration cannot be effectively set into motion.

This may happen where the arbitration clause is too

vaguely worded, or other terms of the contract

contradict the parties' intention to arbitrate, as in the

case of the so-called co-equal forum selection

clauses. Even in these cases, the courts interpret the

contract provisions in favour of arbitration.‖

(emphasis in original)

35. The book 'Recognition and Conferment of Foreign

Arbitral Awards: A Global Commentary on the New York 

Convention' by Kronke, Nacimiento, et al.(ed.) (2010) at page

82 says:-

―Most authorities hold that the same schools of

thought and approaches regarding the term null and void

also apply to the terms inoperative and incapable of

being performed. Consequently, the majority of

authorities do not interpret these terms uniformly,

resulting in an unfortunate lack of uniformity. With that

caveat, we shall give an overview of typical examples

where arbitration agreements were held to be (or not to

be) inoperative or incapable of being performed.

The terms inoperative refers to cases where the

arbitration agreement has ceased to have effect by the

time the court is asked to refer the parties to arbitration.

For example, the arbitration agreement ceases to have

effect if there has already been an arbitral award or a

court decision with res judicata effect concerning the

same subject matter and parties. However, the mere

existence of multiple proceedings is not sufficient to

render the arbitration agreement inoperative.

Additionally, the arbitration agreement can cease to have

effect if the time limit for initiating the arbitration or

rendering the award has expired, provided that it was the

parties' intent no longer to be bound by the arbitration

agreement due to the expiration of this time-limit.

Finally, several authorities have held that the

arbitration agreement ceases to have effect if the parties

waive arbitration. There are many possible ways of

waiving a right to arbitrate. Most commonly, a party will

waive the right to arbitrate if, in a court proceeding, it

fails to properly invoke the arbitration agreement or if it

actively pursues claims covered by the arbitration

agreement.‖ (emphasis in original)

36. Thus, the arbitration agreement does not become

"inoperative or incapable of being performed" where allegations FAO (OS) 9/2015 Page 55 of 63

of fraud have to be inquired into and the court cannot refuse to

refer the parties to arbitration as provided in Section 45 of the

Act on the ground that allegations of fraud have been made by

the party which can only be inquired into by the court and not

by the arbitrator. N. Radhakrishnan v. Maestro Engineers: 2010

(1) SCC 72 and Abdul Kadir Shamsuddin Bubere v. Madhav

Prabhakar Oak: AIR 1962 SC 406 were decisions rendered in

the context of domestic arbitration and not in the context of

arbitrations under the New York Convention to which Section

45 of the Act applies. In the case of such arbitrations covered

by the New York Convention, the Court can decline to make a

reference of a dispute covered by the arbitration agreement only

if it comes to the conclusion that the arbitration agreement is

null and void, inoperative or incapable of being performed, and

not on the ground that allegations of fraud or misrepresentation

have to be inquired into while deciding the disputes between the

parties.‖

52. One of the meanings of the expression ‗null and void‘ which was

considered by the Supreme Court, was where the arbitration agreement is

affected by some invalidity right from the beginning, such as lack of

consent due to misrepresentation, duress, fraud or undue influence. This is

clearly not the case in the present proceedings. Insofar as the word

‗inoperative‘ is concerned, it is said to cover those cases where the

arbitration agreement has ceased to have effect, such as the case of

revocation by the parties. Another instance of the agreement having

become inoperative is where it ceases to have effect because an arbitral

award has already been made or there is a court decision with res judicata 

effect concerning the same subject matter and parties. Importantly, it has

been expressed that the mere existence of multiple proceedings is not

sufficient to render the arbitration agreement inoperative. Thus, the mere

existence of the proceedings before the Company Law Board would not

amount to rendering the arbitration agreement as being inoperative.

Furthermore, the Supreme Court observed that an arbitration agreement

would not become inoperative or incapable of being performed where

allegations of fraud have to be enquired into and the court cannot refuse to

refer the parties to arbitration as provided in Section 45 of the 1996 Act on

the ground that the allegations of fraud have been made by the parties

which can only be enquired into by the court and not by the arbitrator.

Clearly, the Supreme Court held that in the case of arbitrations covered by

the New York Convention, the court could decline to make a reference of a

dispute covered by the arbitration agreement only if it came to the

conclusion that the arbitration agreement was null and void, inoperative or

incapable of being performed and not on the ground that the allegations of

fraud or misrepresentation had to be enquired into while deciding the

dispute between the parties. It is, therefore, clear from the observations of

the Supreme Court in World Sport Group (supra) that the rule is for a

reference to arbitration under Section 45 unless the court comes to the clear

conclusion that the arbitration agreement is null and void, inoperative or

incapable of being performed. This principle would also apply in the case

of a party seeking an anti-arbitration injunction in respect of an agreement

under the New York Convention. In other words, unless and until a party

seeking an anti-arbitration injunction can demonstrably show that the

arbitration agreement is null and void, inoperative or incapable of being

performed, no such relief can be granted in the suit or as an interim measure

therein.

53. The finding of the learned single Judge that the arbitration agreement

in the present case is incapable of performance or inoperative because of

the pendency of the proceedings in the Company Law Board is clearly out

of line. As pointed out above, while discussing the World Sport Group

(supra) decision, it was specifically noted that the mere existence of the

multiple proceedings (proceedings before the Company Law Board and

those before the arbitral tribunal) is not sufficient to render the arbitration

agreement inoperative or incapable of being performed. In any event, the

subject matter of the proceedings before the Company Law Board fell

within the ambit of the alleged oppression and mismanagement whereas the 

subject matter of the dispute before the arbitral tribunal related to the

termination of the JVA and the rights flowing therefrom.

Waiver of the arbitration clause

54. The learned single Judge was of the view that there was a waiver or

abandonment of the arbitration clause by the parties. This finding is clearly

erroneous. The learned single Judge was of the view that merely because

the appellant withdrew its application under Section 45 which it had

challenged before the Company Law Board, the appellant had abandoned

the arbitration agreement. We do not see how such a conclusion can be

arrived at, particularly, in view of the explanation given by the appellant

that the said application had been withdrawn because, in the meanwhile,

after the filing of the said application, the JVA had been terminated and

arbitration proceedings had been initiated and, therefore, in the opinion of

the appellant, the said application, which was one seeking a reference to

arbitration, had become infructuous. The learned single Judge lost sight of

the fact that, while through the application under Section 45, the appellant

had sought a reference to arbitration of the claims of the respondents before

the Company Law Board, it had subsequently directly invoked the

arbitration agreement which had also been set in motion and, therefore, by 

no stretch of imagination could it have been concluded that the appellant

had abandoned and / or waived the arbitration agreement.

55. The learned single Judge has also committed an error in observing

that the application filed under Section 9 of the 1996 Act by the appellant

was also not pressed. This is clearly not correct. We have already referred

to the order passed on the Section 9 application (OMP 1196/2013) by a

learned single Judge of this court on 02.12.2013 where, clearly, the learned

counsel for VB and Respondent No.2 had stated, on instructions, though

without prejudice to their contentions in the Company Law Board regarding

the arbitrability of the disputes, that status quo would be maintained as

regards the share-holding of the said respondents in Respondent No.3 as

well as in the share-holding pattern of respondent No.2, till such time,

interim directions / orders are issued in the arbitral proceedings, if any. The

order passed by the learned single Judge specifically indicated that the said

statement of the respondents was taken on record and would bind them.

Thus, as an interim measure, the appellant had succeeded in getting a

limited protection in the said Section 9 application. Therefore, the finding

of the learned single Judge that the application was not pressed is contrary

to the record. The observations of the learned single Judge contained in 

paragraph 68 to the effect that because of the withdrawal of the application

under Section 45 and because of not taking the Section 9 application to its

logical conclusion, the appellant had indicated its intention that it was

submitting to the jurisdiction of the Company Law Board and of the Indian

courts and had abandoned the arbitration clause, is clearly erroneous.

Conclusion

56. We may point out that the question as to whether Part I or Part II of

the 1996 Act would apply has not been determined by us. There was some

debate and discussion that the ‗place of arbitration‘ was not London in

terms of the arbitration agreement and, therefore, Part I would not apply.

On the one hand, it was contended on the part of the respondents that

London was only a venue and not the ‗place of arbitration‘, which,

according to them, was New Delhi. Thus, their arguments and counterarguments

as to whether Part I applied or Part II applied were based on the

difference of opinion with regard to the ‗place of arbitration‘. There

appears to be confusion even in the minds of the parties as, on the one hand,

the appellant had filed an application under Section 45 of the 1996 Act

(which falls in Part II) before the Company Law Board and, on the other

hand, the very same appellant filed an application under Section 9 (which 

falls in Part I) of the 1996 Act. Of course, the appellant took the plea that

because the agreement was prior to 06.09.2012, the decision in Bhatia

International would apply and, therefore, Part I would be applicable even

in respect of arbitration agreements referred to in Section 44 of the 1996

Act. Be that as it may, we are not entering into this controversy.

57. Our focus is on the question whether an anti-arbitration injunction

could at all have been granted in the facts and circumstances of the present

case. We have already explained as to how, if the arbitration agreement

was taken to be one which was covered under Section 44 of the 1996 Act,

the arbitration proceedings could not be injuncted because the same was

neither null or void, inoperative or incapable or being performed. Even if

we assume that Part I of the 1996 Act was to apply, then also, because of

the provisions of Section 8, the judicial authority would be obliged to refer

the parties to arbitration. We may point out that Section 8 and, in

particular, sub-section (1) thereof has been recently amended with

retrospective effect from 23.10.2015 to read as under:-

―8. Power to refer parties to arbitration where there is an

arbitration agreement.– (1) A judicial authority, before which

an action is brought in a matter which is the subject of an

arbitration agreement shall, if a party to the arbitration

agreement or any person claiming through or under him, so

applies not later than the date of submitting his first statement 

on the substance of the dispute, then, notwithstanding any

judgment, decree or order of the Supreme Court or any Court,

refer the parties to arbitration unless it finds that prima facie no

valid arbitration agreement exists.

xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx‖

58. Thus, there is now a mandate to refer the parties to arbitration unless

the court finds that prima faice no valid arbitration agreement exists. This

is clearly not the case here. Therefore, in any eventuality, in the facts and

circumstances of the case and applying the principles, as indicated above,

the learned single Judge could not have restrained the appellant from

pursuing the arbitration proceedings before the arbitral tribunal.

59. There is a very interesting observation in paragraph 7.01 of Redfern

and Hunter on International Arbitration: Sixth Edition: Oxford University

Press. The observation is as follows:-

―The relationship between national courts and arbitral tribunals

swings between forced cohabitation and true partnership.

Arbitration is dependent on the underlying support of the courts,

which alone have the power to rescue the system when one

party seeks to sabotage it. …‖

Courts need to remind themselves that the trend is to minimize interference

with arbitration process as that is the forum of choice. That is also the 

policy discernible from the 1996 Act. Courts must be extremely

circumspect and, indeed, reluctant to thwart arbitration proceedings. Thus,

while courts in India may have the power to injunct arbitration proceedings,

they must exercise that power rarely and only on principles analogous to

those found in sections 8 and 45, as the case may be, of the 1996 Act. We

have already indicated that the circumstances of invalidity of the arbitration

agreement or it being inoperative or incapable of being performed do not

exist in this case.

60. Consequently, the impugned judgment is set aside.

BADAR DURREZ AHMED, J

July 21, 2016 SANJEEV SACHDEVA, J

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