What is procedure for execution of arbitration award?

 In view of what has been stated above, when an application under

section 36 is filed before any principal civil court of original jurisdiction, it is duty

bound to find out:-

(i) whether it has territorial jurisdiction to decide questions forming

the subject matter of the arbitration if the same had been the

subject matter of a suit, and if so

(ii) whether period for filing application for setting aside the arbitral

award under section 34 of the Act has expired, and if so

(iii) whether such an application has at all been filed, and if so

(iv) whether such application on being filed has already been refused;

then and then only, the court can proceed to enforce the award as if it were a

decree of that court. But if it is found that it does not have jurisdiction to decide

questions forming the subject matter of the arbitration if the same had been the

subject matter of a suit, in that event, it cannot go for enforcing the award

taking recourse to the provisions of Order XXI of the Code of Civil Procedure

because by describing an arbitral award as ‘decree of the court’, the legislature

had amply mandated that it would only be the principal civil court of original

jurisdiction, having jurisdiction to decide questions forming the subject matter of

the arbitration if the same had been the subject matter of a suit. Otherwise, the

words ‘the court’ occurring at the end of section 36 after the word ‘a decree of’

shall become redundant which is contrary to the principles of interpretation of

statutes.

30. However, if the court to which an application under section 36 has been

filed, finds that it does not have jurisdiction to decide questions forming the

subject matter of the arbitration if the same had been the subject matter of a

suit, then it can entertain application only if the principal civil court of original

jurisdiction having jurisdiction to decide the questions forming the subject matter

of arbitration transfers the same to it. This is because, as discussed above, the

arbitral award at all events is the decree of the court having jurisdiction to decide

questions forming the subject matter of the arbitration if the same had been the 

subject matter of the suit and not otherwise. If an arbitral award is the decree of

the principal civil court having jurisdiction to decide questions forming the subject

matter of the arbitration if the same had been the subject matter of the suit by

legal fiction created by section 36 of the 1996 Act all other attributes of a civil

court decree shall be available to it and so it shall also be capable of being

transferred under section 39 as w21ell as Rules 5, 6, 7 and 8 of Order XXI of the

of the Code of Civil Procedure.

31. The above questions are fundamental and also inherent in section 36 of

the Act. Unless an executing court is satisfied on these points, it does not derive

jurisdiction to proceed further for enforcing an arbitral award. As these questions

go to the root of the matter and are intimately related to the inherent jurisdiction

of a court, a court cannot entertain an execution application under section 36 of

the Act read with the provisions of Order XXI of the CPC merely at the asking of

an award holder. As observed above, these aspects have not been gone into by

the learned Executing Courts involved in any of these revision petitions.

Consequently, it is to be held that the impugned orders are vitiated by

jurisdictional error and so, they are liable to be set aside. The impugned orders

are accordingly set aside.

IN THE GAUHATI HIGH COURT

Case No: CRP 196/2015

 Alema Khatun V Tata Motors Finance Limited,

Date of delivery ofJudgment and Order : 08.02.2016

Citation;AIR 2016 Gauhati 64

Five civil revision petitions involving identical question of law have been

heard together on the prayer of the learned counsel of the parties and

accordingly they are being disposed of by this common judgment. However,

essential respective facts of each of the five revision petitions are stated

separately at the threshold.

2. CRP No. 196/2015 (Alema Khatun and others vs. Tata Motors Finance Ltd.):-

The petitioners purchased a truck under hire purchase agreement with

the opposite party. The agreement contained a schedule for payment of EMI and

an arbitration clause for resolution of any dispute. The petitioners could not

make payment as per the payment schedule of the agreement and thus a

dispute arose between the financier and the debtor. Opposite party Tata Motors

Ltd. appointed one Mr. Nitin Chavan as sole arbitrator who initiated an arbitration

proceeding at Mumbai for realisation of the dues. The arbitration proceeding was

held ex-parte against the present petitioners and an award for payment of Rs. 

10,75,049.82 along with interest at the rate of 12% per annum w.e.f. 17.06.2013

till realisation along with a cost of Rs. 5,000/- was passed by the sole arbitrator.

Thereafter, the Tata Motors Ltd. filed Money Execution Case No. 12/2014 under

Order XXI Rule 11 of the CPC in the court of learned District Judge, Dhubri.

3. On being summoned, the present petitioners as debtors submitted a

written objection, inter alia, on the ground that the execution case has been

instituted without complying with the mandatory provisions of Order XXI Rule 5

and 6 of the CPC. One of the other objections was that since the decree holder

prayed for execution of the judgment debtor by getting him arrested and

retained, compliance of the provisions of Rule 11 and 14 of Order XXI was

necessary. Besides, it was also pleaded that the arbitration award itself was

obtained by fraud without taking into consideration that the truck became

traceless with the driver for which the judgment debtor had lodged an FIR with

Sagolia OP immediately after disappearance of the truck with intimation to the

decree holder, the Tata Motor Finance Ltd. The judgment debtor had furnished

all relevant documents to the Tata Motors on 08.04.2013 and thus the decree

holder was very much aware as to under what circumstances the judgment

debtor could not make payment of the EMI. The decree holder was also assured

by the judgment debtor at that time that the loan would be repaid in full once

insurance claim against disappearance of the truck is settled. As per the

arbitration clause, there was no appointment of arbitrator from the side of the

judgment debtor and the judgment debtor had never signed the arbitration

agreement. With these objections, the judgment debtor prayed for dismissal of

the execution case.

4. The learned Executing court after hearing the parties passed impugned

order dated 30.04.2015 holding that an award passed by an arbitrator is deemed

to be a decree under section 36 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996

(hereinafter referred to as ‘the Act’) but it is not a decree passed by any ‘court’ in

the light of the definition of ‘court’ under section 2(e) of the Act. The learned

court also held that there being no provision in the Act for transmission of award 

as in the case of transfer of a decree of a court, there is no necessity for

transmission of award to the executing court at Dhubri. Accordingly, the learned

Executing Court rejected the written objection by impugned order dated

30.04.2015. It is this order which has been brought under challenge in the

present revision petition.

5. CRP No. 263/2015 (Ramiro Infrastructure and Builder PV Chairman and

Managing Director vs. Tata Motors Finance Ltd.):-

Petitioner, Ramiro Infrastructures and Builder PV availed loan of Rs.

13,00,000/- from opposite party Tata Motors Finance Ltd. for purchase of vehicle

by executing a hire purchase agreement on 31.01.2013. But all documents

relating to the transaction was retained by the opposite party. The financier

thereafter invoked arbitration clause on allegation of default in payment of EMI

and appointed one Mr. Nitin Chavan, a Chartered Accountant of Mumbai, as sole

arbitrator for adjudicating the dispute. No notice was received by the present

petitioner of the aforesaid proceedings yet the sole arbitrator passed ex-parte

award on 24.07.2014 for a sum of Rs. 11,52,025.76 together with interest at the

rate of 18% per annum from 27.12.2013 till payment. According to the

petitioner, no copy of the award has yet been served on the debtor but the

financier opposite party filed Money Execution No. 467/2014 in the court of

learned Additional District Judge No. 3, Kamrup at Guwahati. Filing application in

this Execution court, petitioner herein contended that it came to know about the

arbitration award only after receipt of notice in the Execution case and

accordingly prayed for time to file objection. Adjournment was granted fixing

02.04.2015 as next date and on which date the learned counsel for the petitioner

was absent and so another adjournment was prayed for. The learned Executing

court by order dated 02.04.2015 rejected the adjournment prayer and

straightway issued attachment warrant against properties of the petitioner fixing

30.06.2015 for report. This order has been brought under challenge in the

present revision petition, inter alia, on the ground that the award is ex-facie

illegal, violative of the principle of natural justice and non-est in law. There is no 

question of any enforcement of such award. In course of argument, the learned

counsel for the petitioner also adopted the argument made in CRP No. 196/2015

that without there being transfer of the award under section 38 read with Order

XXI Rule 5 and 6 of the CPC, the Execution proceeding is liable to be dropped.

Perhaps, this is the reason for listing the present revision petition for admission

hearing along with CRP No. 196/2015. Thus, the principal argument as to

maintainability of the Execution proceeding is also same as that of CRP No.

196/2015.

6. CRP No. 264/2015 (Ramiro Infrastructure and Builder PV Chairman and

Managing Director vs. Tata Motors Finance Ltd.):-

Petitioner, Ramiro Infrastructure and Builder PV availed loan of Rs.

13,00,000/- from opposite party Tata Motors Finance Ltd. for purchase of vehicle

by executing a hire purchase agreement on 13.03.2013. But all documents

relating to the transaction was retained by the opposite party. The financier

thereafter invoked arbitration clause on allegation of default in payment of EMI

and appointed one Mr. Nitin Chavan, a Chartered Accountant of Mumbai, as sole

arbitrator for adjudicating the dispute. No notice was received by the present

petitioner of the aforesaid proceeding yet the sole arbitrator passed ex-parte

award on 24.07.2014 for a sum of Rs. 13,05,449.42 together with interest at the

rate of 18% per annum from 27.12.2013 till payment. According to the

petitioner, no copy of the award has yet been served on the debtor but the

financier opposite party filed Money Execution No. 470/2014 in the court of

learned Additional District Judge No. 3, Kamrup at Guwahati. In this case also,

petitioners filed application contending that it came to know about the arbitration

award only after receipt of notice in the Execution case and accordingly prayed

for time to file objection. Adjournment was granted fixing 02.04.2015 as next

date on which date the petitioner No. 2 was absent and so another adjournment

was prayed for. The learned trial court rejected the application on the ground

that the application was not accompanied by Vakalatnama and that opportunities

were already given to the petitioners for filing written objection. The learned 

court issued writ of attachment against the judgment and refused to grant

further time fixing the case on 30.06.2015 for report on attachment. Before the

fixed date, the present petitioners moved an application on 11.06.2015 praying

for recalling the writ of attachment and for accepting written objection which was

submitted along with the application. However, the learned Executing court

rejected the application on the same date and thus the order dated 02.04.2015

as well as 11.06.2015 has been called in question in the present revision petition.

As this case has also been tagged with the earlier two revision petitions and the

questions arising in those petitions are also equally applicable to the present

case, the learned counsel for the petitioner adopted the same argument on

maintainability of the execution case.

7. CRP No. 265/2015 (Ramiro Infrastructure and Builder PV Chairman and

Managing Director vs. Tata Motors Finance Ltd.):-

Petitioner, Ramiro Infrastructures and Builder PV availed loan of Rs.

13,00,000/- from opposite party Tata Motors Finance Ltd. for purchase of vehicle

by executing a hire purchase agreement on 18.02.2013. But all documents

relating to the transaction was retained by the opposite party. The financier

thereafter invoked arbitration clause on allegation of default in payment of EMI

and appointed one Mr. Nitin Chavan, a Chartered Accountant of Mumbai, as sole

arbitrator for adjudicating the dispute. No notice was received by the present

petitioner of the aforesaid proceeding yet the sole arbitrator passed ex-parte

award on 24.07.2014 for a sum of Rs. 11,72,296.84 together with interest at the

rate of 18% per annum from 27.12.2013 till payment. According to the

petitioner, no copy of the award has yet been served on the debtor but the

financier opposite party filed Money Execution No. 468/2014 in the court of

learned Additional District Judge No. 3, Kamrup at Guwahati. Having received

notice like the previous case, the same petitioners filed application contending

that it came to know about the arbitration award only in the third week of

February, 2015 after receipt of notice in the Execution case and accordingly

prayed for time to file objection. Adjournment was granted fixing 02.04.2015 as 

next date on which date the learned counsel for the petitioner was absent and so

another adjournment was prayed for. On that date the petitioners moved yet

another application seeking time for filing written objection. The learned trial

court rejected the application on the ground that the application was not

accompanied by Vakalatnama and that opportunities were already given to the

petitioners for filing written objection. The learned court issued writ of

attachment against the judgment and refused to grant further time. The

Execution case was fixed on 30.06.2015 for report. This order dated 02.04.2015

has been called in question in the present revision petition. As this case has also

been tagged with the earlier two revision petitions and the questions arising in

those petitions are also equally applicable to the present case, the learned

counsel for the petitioner adopted the same argument on maintainability of the

execution case.

8. CRP No. 266/2015 (Ramiro Infrastructure and Builder PV Chairman and

Managing Director vs. Tata Motors Finance Ltd.):-

Petitioner, Ramiro Infrastructures and Builder PV availed loan of Rs.

13,00,000/- from opposite party Tata Motors Finance Ltd. for purchase of vehicle

by executing a hire purchase agreement on 18.02.2013. But all documents

relating to the transaction was retained by the opposite party. The financier

thereafter invoked arbitration clause on allegation of default in payment of EMI

and appointed one Mr. Nitin Chavan, a Chartered Accountant of Mumbai, as sole

arbitrator for adjudicating the dispute. No notice was received by the present

petitioner of the aforesaid proceeding yet the sole arbitrator passed ex-parte

award on 24.07.2014 for a sum of Rs. 11,72,296.84 together with interest at the

rate of 18% per annum from 27.12.2013 till payment. According to the

petitioner, no copy of the award has yet been served on the debtor but the

financier opposite party filed Money Execution No. 469/2014 in the court of

learned Additional District Judge No. 3, Kamrup at Guwahati. The learned

Executing court issued notice fixing 24.02.2015 for report. On that date the

petitioner No. 2 was out of station and so application for adjournment was 

moved. The learned court allowed the prayer and fixed 02.04.2015 for filing

objection. Even on that date the petitioner No. 2 was not available and on that

ground another application praying for adjournment was filed on behalf of the

petitioners. The learned trial court rejected the application on the ground that

the application was not accompanied by Vakalatnama and issued warrant of

attachment fixing 30.06.2015 for compliance report. Before the fixed date, the

petitioners filed an application on 11.06.2015 filing objection to the Execution

petition and praying for recall of the attachment order. The learned court

rejected the application on the same date. This is how, both the orders dated

02.04.2015 and 11.06.2015 have been called in question in the present revision

petition. As this case has also been tagged with the earlier two revision petitions

and the questions arising in those petitions are also equally applicable to the

present case, the learned counsel for the petitioner adopted the same argument

on maintainability of the execution case.

9. I have heard Mr. K Bhattacharjee and Mr. KK Dey on behalf the

petitioners in the aforesaid revision petitions. Mr. K Bhattacharjee made the

leading submission and Mr. KK Dey adopted the argument of Mr. K

Bhattacharjee. Mr. S Barooah, learned counsel for the Tata Motor Finance

Company Ltd., the opposite party replied to the submissions made on behalf of

the petitioners. Both the sides relied on judicial precedents in their respective

favour.

10. Mr. K Bhattacharjee submits that ‘‘court’’ under Section 2(e) of the 1996

Act means the principal civil court of original jurisdiction in a district and it

includes the High Court in exercise of its ordinary original jurisdiction. Section 36

of the Act deals with enforcement of award passed by an arbitrator under the

Act. It provides that such an award shall be enforced under the Code of Civil

Procedure in the same manner as if it were a decree of the court. It presupposes

that an award is a deemed decree and it is capable of being executed like any

other decree passed by a civil court. So, relevant provisions of the Code of Civil

Procedure in this matter would be applicable even in case enforcement of an 

arbitration award. Drawing attention of the court to Section 38 of the Code of

Civil Procedure, Mr. Bhattacharjee submits that a decree of civil court is capable

of being executed not only by the court which passed it but also by a court to

which the decree is sent for execution. Section 40 of the Code of Civil Procedure

provides that when a decree is sent for execution in another state it shall be sent

to such court and executed in such manner as may be prescribed by rules in

force in that state. Order XXI Rule 5 of CPC provides that where a decree is to be

sent for execution by another court, the court which passed such decree shall

send the same directly to the court if it has no jurisdiction to execute the decree.

Rule 6 of the same Order lays down the procedure for such execution on

transfer. According to Mr. Bhattacharjee when the decree holder of the

arbitration award in question was of the view that the property to be attached by

way of execution is situated in another state in that event, the decree holder was

duty bound to get the decree transferred to the court in other state. The

executing court in another state has no jurisdiction to entertain an execution

case without the decree being transferred in accordance with the procedure

prescribed under the Code of Civil Procedure. The same not having been done in

any of the cases under consideration, the execution proceedings are liable to be

set aside and quashed.

11. Per contra, Mr. S Barooah, learned counsel for the Tata Motor Finance

Company Ltd., submitted that the legal propositions argued by Mr. Bhattacharjee

are not entirely correct. While it is correct that an arbitration award is a deemed

decree by legal fiction under section 36 of the Act but at the same time it is also

correct that such decree is not a ‘decree of court’ and so Executing court under

Section 36 of the Act not being a court is not bound by Section 39 or Order XXI

Rule 5 and 6 of the Code of Civil Procedure. The Act is a code in itself and the

same not having provided that all provisions of the CPC applicable to a decree of

a civil court are applicable to an award, the learned Executing courts in the

present cases have very much acted within jurisdiction in passing the impugned

orders and so the revision petitions are liable to be dismissed. 

12. From perusal of the respective pleadings of the parties and the argument

put forward by them it appears that the only point for consideration in all these

revision petitions is as follows:-

Whether in case of enforcement of an arbitral award beyond the

territorial jurisdiction of the court within the meaning of Section 2(1)(e) of

the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, a formal transfer of the award

is necessary under Section 39 read with Order XXI Rule 5 and 6 of the

Code of Civil Procedure?

13. I have perused the pleadings of the parties available on record and all the

judgments relied on by them. It appears that there is a divergence of opinion on

the aforesaid point for determination among various High Courts of the country.

While the High Courts of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh are of

the view that unless a formal transfer of award has been taken place like any

other decree of civil court, no court can entertain Execution proceeding if the

award has not been passed within its territorial jurisdiction. On the other hand,

the High Courts of Delhi and Madras are of contrary view. According to the latter

High Courts, an arbitral award is a decree by legal fiction but it is not a decree of

court and since there is no provision in the Act warranting transfer of award,

there is no question of such transfer by unnecessarily importing the provisions of

Code of Civil Procedure. Perhaps, such a question has not yet come up for

consideration before the Hon’ble Supreme court and that is why no such decision

could be found out.

14. A similar question arose before Hon’ble Karnataka High Court in the case

of ICDS Ltd. v. Mangala Builders Pvt. Ltd. and others (AIR 2001 Karnataka 364).

The Single Judge of that Hon’ble High Court held that a court which can entertain

a suit with respect to the subject matter of arbitration dispute, it alone can

exercise the power under Section 36 of the Act. This opinion was arrived at after

juxtaposing the expression ‘court’ occurring in Section 2(e) of the Act in Section

36 thereof and thereupon it was felt that the award passed by the Arbitrator shall

be enforced in the same manner as if it were a decree made by the court having 

jurisdiction to decide questions forming subject matter of the arbitration if the

same had been the subject matter of the suit. Referring to Section 36 of the Act

it was further held that a right to enforce the award arises only after the period

for filing application for setting aside the arbitral award under Section 34 has

expired or such an application having been made is rejected. This is because

before proceeding with enforcement of the award the court is duty bound to

satisfy itself that the period for filing application under Section 34 has already

expired or such an application having been filed has ultimately been dismissed.

Inferentially, the court entitled to entertain an application under Section 34 of the

Act alone can entertain the steps to enforce the arbitral award. This is how the

decision was taken that court as understood in Section 34 of the Act has alone

the jurisdiction to entertain application for enforcement of the award.

15. Mr. K Bhattacharjee, learned counsel for the petitioner, has placed

reliance on the case of Bhoomatha Para Boiled Rice and Oil Mill v. Maheswari

Trading Company and others (AIR 2010 AP 137). In this case an application

under Section 115 of the Code of Civil Procedure was filed before the Hon’ble

Andhra Pradesh High Court questioning as to whether an arbitral award can be

enforced by any competent civil court having pecuniary and territorial jurisdiction

over the subject matter and not by the “Court” as defined in Section 2(1)(e) of

the Act. Considering the case in the light of various provisions like section 39 and

Order XXI of the Code of Civil Procedure as well as AP Civil Courts Act, 1972 and

the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, the Hon’ble Court was of the view that

an arbitral award can be enforced following relevant provisions in Part-II and

Order XXI of CPC by any court depending upon the amount awarded by the

Arbitrator. According to the Andhra Pradesh High Court if the value of the award

is less than Rs. 1,00,000/-, the court of Junior Civil Judge, if the value of the

award is more than Rs. 1,00,000/- and does not exceed Rs. 10,00,000/-, the

senior Civil Judge and lastly if the value of the award is more than Rs.

10,00,000/- in that event, District Judge or Additional District Judge shall be

competent to enforce the award. The revision petition was accordingly dismissed 

and the contention of the learned counsel for the petitioner that application

under Section 36 of the Act can be entertained by the court as defined in Section

2(1)(e) of the Act was rejected. However, this judgment did not deal with the

question in regard to enforcement of an arbitral award beyond the territorial

jurisdiction of court.

16. In the case of Assam State Weaving & Manufacturing Co. Ltd. vs. Vinny

Engineering Enterprises (P) Ltd. & Anr (AIR 2010 Calcutta 52), the point for

determination before the Hon’ble Calcutta High Court as to whether a party has

to fork out the cost of the reference not paid by it to obtain the benefit under the

award passed or to get a copy of the award. In that case, the arbitral award was

passed and then presented before the District Judge, Kamrup in Assam for

enforcement with prayer to transfer the same to a court in Calcutta. The Hon’ble

Calcutta High Court observed that tabular statement had been taken out on

03.06.2009 before the District Judge at Kamrup and thereupon the award and

deemed decree was transferred for execution to that court meaning thereby the

Calcutta High Court. Showing this observation in the judgment, the learned

counsel, Mr. K Bhattacharjee would argue that as per the prevailing practice in

Assam, the arbitral award was presented before the District Judge at Kamrup

where the arbitration was held and thereupon prayer was made for transfer of

the award to the competent court in whose jurisdiction, the subject matter of the

arbitration is situated. The consequent argument was that an application for

enforcement of the award is to be presented to the court within the meaning of

Section 2(1)(e) of the Act irrespective of whether the subject matter of the

dispute is situated within the territorial jurisdiction of it and if not, in that event,

the same should be transferred to a court where the subject matter of the

arbitration is situated.

17. In the case of M/s Bhusan Petrofils Private Limited vs. Sanjay Kakade

reported in (2013) 0 Supreme (Mah) 950, a Single Bench of Hon’ble Bombay

High Court considered the earlier Full Bench judgment of the said Hon’ble Court

as to definition of ‘court’ and held that the word ‘court’ occurring in Section 36 

must be held to be a court of District Judge for the purpose of enforcement of

the award. This view contrary to the view of Hon’ble Andhra Pradesh High Court

was taken considering the provisions of Section 2(1)(e) and Section 36 of the

Act. The Single Judge found that there was already a Division Bench judgment of

the same High Court that District Judge in a district alone is the Principal Civil

Court of original jurisdiction within the meaning of Section 2(1)(e) of the Act and

no other court subordinate to him shall have any jurisdiction to entertain

application for enforcement of award. It was held that the word ‘court’ must be

given the same meaning wherever it appears in Part-I of the Arbitration and

Conciliation Act, 1996.

18. A Single Bench of the Hon’ble Madhya Pradesh High Court was confronted

with a similar question in the case of Computer Sciences Corporation India Pvt.

Ltd. vs. Harishchandra Lodwal & anr (AIR 2006 MP 34). In that case, the award

holder filed Arbitration Execution Case No. 9/2002 before VII ADJ, Indore and

made a prayer for transferring the award to the court at Delhi for enforcement of

the award as the respondents were residing at Delhi. The learned ADJ, Indore

dismissed the application on the ground that petitioner was at liberty to file the

Execution proceedings at Delhi itself. Referring to Section 42 of the Act along

with Section 2(1)(e) thereof, a Single Bench of the Hon’ble Madhya Pradesh High

Court held that since award was passed at Indore, therefore, unless and until the

court at Indore transfers the award to the Court at Delhi it cannot be executed

and accordingly the revision petition was allowed setting aside the order passed

by the learned ADJ, Indore.

19. In the case of Leela Hotels Ltd. vs. Housing & Urban Development

Corporation Ltd. reported in (2012) 1 SCC 302, the Hon’ble Supreme Court held

in paragraph 45 that an award passed by Arbitrator tantamounts to a decree and

it has to be enforced under the Code of Civil Procedure in the same manner as it

were a decree of the court. This view was taken on reading the clear provision of

Section 36 of the Act. The question as to enforcement of award with respect to

property situated in another state beyond the territorial jurisdiction of court

within the meaning of Section 2(1)(e) of the Act did not arise in that case.

20. On the other hand, Hon’ble Delhi High Court took a different view in the

case of Daelim Industrial Co. Ltd. vs. Numaligarh Refinery Ltd. (EA No. 105/2009

in Ex. No. 242/2008 decided on 13.03.2009). The Delhi High Court did not accept

the contention that court within the meaning of Section 2(1)(e) would not apply

to Section 36 of the Act. The aforesaid judgment of the Hon’ble Madhya Pradesh

High Court in the case Computer Sciences Corporation India Pvt. Ltd. was

considered by Delhi High Court and it was held that Section 42 of the Act would

not apply to Execution applications as an Execution application is not ‘Arbitral

Proceedings’ within the meaning of Section 42 of the Act and is not a subsequent

application arising out of the agreement and the arbitral proceedings. This is

because arbitral proceedings come to an end when the time for making an

application to set aside the arbitral award expire and the execution application is

an enforcement of the award. So, the place of filing of the execution application

need not be the place of filing of the application under Section 34 of the Act. In

paragraph 18 of the judgment, opinion was expressed that expression “court”

occurring in Section 36 is not meant to be the court within the meaning of

Section 2(1)(e) of the Act. The word “court” in Section 36 is used only to

describe the manner of enforcement i.e., as a “decree of the court” and not in

the context of providing for the court which will have territorial jurisdiction to

execute/enforce the award. The legislature has in Section 49 provided for

enforcement of foreign awards by deeming the said awards to be a decree of

“that court” which would mean the decree of the court which has adjudicated on

the enforcement of the award. But in Section 36 legislature in its wisdom did not

use the expression “that” which is indicative of the reference of the court therein

being only to describe the manner of enforcement of the award as a decree of

the court. According to Delhi High Court, there is no legislative mandate to the

effect that arbitral award has to be treated as a decree of that court only which

would have the jurisdiction to entertain the suit. Ultimately it was held that an 

award amounts to a decree by legal fiction created under Section 36 of the Act

but it is not a decree of the court and so court has nothing to transfer.

21. A Single Bench of Madras High Court took the similar view in the case of

Katak Mahindra Bank Ltd. vs. Sivakama Sundari SNarayana SB Murthy (CRP No.

574/2011 decided on 26.08.2011). In that case, an application for enforcement

of arbitral award was filed before X Assistant Judge, City Civil Court, Chennai.

The learned court returned the Execution petition holding that without being

transmitted through proper channel by way of transfer, the award was not

enforceable. Considering the provisions of Section 38, 39, 41 and 43 of the Code

of Civil Procedure and the provisions of 36 and 58 of the Arbitration and

Conciliation Act, 1996, the Hon’ble Madras High Court held that the arbitral

tribunal is not a court but its award has been elevated to the level of a decree for

the purpose of execution by the legal fiction created under Section 36 of the Act.

But it does not elevate the arbitral tribunal to the status of a civil court. Since an

award can be executed directly without a seal of approval by a civil court unlike

an award passed under the provisions of Arbitration Act, 1940 and since there is

no provision in the Act or in the Code to treat a court within whose jurisdiction

the arbitral proceedings took place as the court which passed the decree, it is

only when a court within whose jurisdiction the arbitral award was passed, is

taken to be the court which passed the decree within the meaning of Section 37

and Order XXI Rule 10 CPC that the award holder would be entitled to seek

transmission from that court. But there is no deeming provision anywhere to hold

that the court within whose jurisdiction the arbitral award was passed, should be

taken to be the court which passed the decree. According to Hon’ble Madras

High Court in the aforesaid case, whole procedure of filing an execution petition

before the court within whose jurisdiction the arbitral award was passed, as

though it is the court which passed the decree, is ‘pathetically misconceived’

(sic). Adopting the view of the Hon’ble Delhi High Court it was held that the court

within whose jurisdiction the property of the judgment debtor is situate, would

have jurisdiction to entertain the execution. This view was taken having noticed 

that there is no provision in the 1996 Act for transmission of awards from one

court to another for the purpose of execution. The civil revision petition was,

accordingly, allowed by the aforesaid judgment setting aside the order of the X

Assistant Judge, City Civil Court, Chennai.

22. Before embarking on any analysis in regard to the meaning of the word

‘the decree of the court’ occurring in section 36 of the 1996 Act, it is necessary to

notice basic changes brought about by the 1996 Act in regard to status and

executability of award. In the old Act, the Arbitration Act, 1940, the meaning of

the word ‘court’ was wide. Section 2(c) of the 1940 Act defined court as a civil

court having jurisdiction to decide the questions forming the subject matter of

the reference if the same had been the subject matter of the suit. Section 2(c) of

the 1940 Act is quoted below:-

“2(c). “Court” means a Civil Court having jurisdiction to decide the

questions forming the subject matter of reference if the same had been

the subject matter of a suit, but does not, except for the purpose of

arbitration proceedings under Section 21, include a Small Cause Court.”

Thus it is clear from the definition clause that under the old Act any civil

court had jurisdiction to entertain application for and in regard to arbitration

proceedings provided it had territorial and pecuniary jurisdiction.

23. But after commencement of the 1996 Act, a major change has been

effected in the definition of ‘court’. Under the new Act, all civil courts of a district

do not have jurisdiction in regard to arbitration and it has been restricted to the

highest civil court of the district. Section 2(1)(e) of the 1996 Act defines ‘court’

and the same is quoted below:-

“2(1)(e). “Court” means the principal Civil Court of original

jurisdiction in a district, and includes the High Court in exercise of its

ordinary original civil jurisdiction, having jurisdiction to decide the

questions forming the subject-matter of the arbitration if the same had

been the subject-matter of a suit, but does not include any civil court of a

grade inferior to such principal Civil Court, or any Court of Small Causes”.

Under the present definition, the highest civil court of a district is ‘the

court’. Although, the definition includes High Court in exercise of its ordinary

original jurisdiction but this applies to only few High Courts which have ordinary

jurisdiction like Calcutta, Bombay etc. In all other High Courts there is no

ordinary jurisdiction for civil or criminal actions and so in majority districts, the

court of District Judge alone is understood to be the court within the meaning of

Section 2(1)(e) of the 1996 Act.

24. It is also significant to notice in the 1996 Act that civil courts other than

principal civil court of original jurisdiction (ordinarily meaning thereby the court of

District Judge) have been described as judicial authorities wherever such

reference has become necessary. In section 5, it has been provided that no

‘judicial authority’ shall intervene except where so provided in this part. Similarly,

in section 8 of the 1996 Act, it is provided that a ‘judicial authority’ before which

an action is brought in a matter which is the subject of an arbitration agreement,

a party is entitled to apply while submitting the first statement on the substance

of the dispute for referring the parties to arbitration. This means that when a suit

has been brought in any civil court and subject matter of such suit involves an

arbitration agreement, in that event, a party is entitled to apply for referring the

parties to arbitration in accordance with the procedure prescribed under the

section. But in Section 8 without making mention of ‘any civil court’, the

legislature has chosen to use the words ‘judicial authority’. In section 41 (2) of

the 1996 Act, there is mention of the words ‘judicial authority’ again to provide

for provisions in case of insolvency proceedings.

25. On the other hand, whenever the word ‘court’ has been used in 1996 Act,

it has referred to ‘court’ within the meaning of section 2(1)(e) of the 1996 Act

only. For example, in Section 9, statute provides for making interim measures

before, or during arbitral proceedings or at any time after making of the arbitral

award. Section 9 refers to the word ‘court’ having power to pass necessary

orders as an interim measure including interim injunction or appointment of

receiver. Such power has been given to ‘court’ meaning thereby that such power

is vested on principal civil court of original jurisdiction in a district. An application

for an interim measure does not lie before any other court except the principal

civil court of original jurisdiction in a district. Similarly in section 11(12)(b), there

is a mention of the word ‘court’ but it has been clearly indicated that it is nothing

but court within the meaning of section 2(1)(e). In section 13(6) of the 1996 Act,

it is provided where an arbitral award is set aside on an application made under

sub-section (5), the Court may decide as to whether the Arbitrator is entitled to

any fees. Under section 34, the power to set aside arbitral award has been

vested only on principal civil court of original jurisdiction in a district and so the

word ‘court’ referred to Section 13(6) of the 1996 Act also refers to said court. In

section 14(2), there is yet another reference to the word ‘court’. It provides that

if a controversy remains concerning any of the grounds as to failure or

impossibility to act by the arbitrator, a party may apply to court to decide on the

termination of the mandate. The ‘court’ mentioned in Section 14(2) is also not

any other civil court but principal civil court of original jurisdiction in a district.

Next reference to the word ‘court’ in 1996 Act is traceable in Section 27 for

assistance in taking evidence. It enables a party with approval of the arbitral

tribunal to apply to ‘the Court’ for assistance in taking evidence. In section 27(3),

‘the Court’ has been given the jurisdiction to execute the request as to assistance

in taking evidence by ordering that the evidence be provided directly to the

arbitral tribunal. The principal civil court of original jurisdiction in a district has

been referred in section 27(4) and (5) whenever the word ‘court’ has been

mentioned. Section 34 of the 1996 Act provides for forum to challenge an arbitral

award and it is provided that recourse to a Court against an arbitral award may

be made by filing application for setting aside of such award in accordance with

the procedure prescribed in the section. No court other than principal civil court

of original jurisdiction in a district has jurisdiction to entertain an application

under section 34. So, it is clear from above that whenever the word ‘court’ has

been used in the 1996 Act, it has referred to principal civil court of original

jurisdiction in a district only.

26. The role of civil court under the 1940 Act was virtually all pervasive.

Under section 8 of the said Act, a civil court had jurisdiction to appoint an

arbitrator or an umpire at the request of a party. After the arbitrator passed an

award the same had to be filed before the court under section 14 and if there

was no reason either to modify or remit the award, the civil court had to

pronounce judgment under section 17 of the Act and thereupon a decree had to

be drawn up. Such a decree being a decree of civil court was capable of being

executed under section 38 read with the provisions of Order XXI of the Code of

Civil Procedure. Naturally, if the subject matter of execution was beyond the

jurisdiction of the court within the meaning of section 2(c) of the 1940 Act, in

that event the same had to be transferred under section 39 like any other decree

of civil court. The transferability of a decree drawn on the basis of an arbitral

award was beyond any doubt. But after the 1940 Act has been replaced by the

1996 Act, a scope for questioning requirement of such transferability has arisen.

27. Under the 1996 Act, award does not require to be filed before court as in

1940 Act. Section 35 of the 1996 Act has conferred finality on an arbitral award.

It provides that subject to this part, meaning thereby Part-I of the 1996 Act, an

arbitral award shall be final and binding on the parties and persons claiming

under them respectively. By section 36, provision has been made for

enforcement of a domestic arbitral award. Foreign awards are covered by Part-II

of the 1996 Act and the present set of revision petitions have no relation to that

part as all the awards herein are arbitral awards of domestic arbitral proceedings.

28. Section 36 of the 1996 Act has elevated an arbitral award to the status of

a civil court decree by legal fiction and so it is capable of being executed as if it

were a decree of the court. Now, what shall be the meaning of the words ‘the

decree of the court’ is the crux of the present revision petitions. To understand

the meaning of these words, it is necessary to keep in mind the observations 

made hereinabove as to definition of ‘court’ in the 1940 Act as well as the 1996

Act and also the status of an arbitral award under both the statutes as discussed

above. Section 36 casts light in this regard and so it is quoted below:-

“36. Enforcement. – Where the time for making an application

to set aside the arbitral award under section 34 has expired, or such

application having been made, it has been refused, the award shall be

enforced under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908) in the same

manner as if it were a decree of the Court.”

There is no reason as to why the word ‘court’ mentioned in section 36

should not be understood to be principal civil court of original jurisdiction, having

jurisdiction to decide the questions forming the subject matter of arbitration if

the same had been the subject matter of a suit. If it is so construed, in that

event, ‘the decree of the court’ occurring in section 36 would mean decree

passed by principal civil court of original jurisdiction in a district having

jurisdiction to decide the questions forming the subject matter of the arbitration

in terms of definition of ‘court’ under section 2(1)(e) of the 1996 Act. This is

because, the place of arbitration and the principal civil court of original

jurisdiction in a district may not be at same place. Under section 20 of the 1996

Act, parties are free to agree on the place of arbitration irrespective of whether

the subject matter of the dispute is situated at that place. Parties at two different

places may agree to hold arbitration in a third place as per their convenience/

contract although such a place may not be the place of the subject matter of the

dispute. At any event the court, in all those cases, shall be the principal civil

court of original jurisdiction in a district in whose territorial jurisdiction the

subject matter of the arbitration is situated. Consequently, it shall be the court

for the purpose of Section 34 as well as Section 36 of the 1996 Act. In this

regard, the view taken by Hon’ble Madhya Pradesh High Court appears to be of

more persuasive force than that of Hon’ble Delhi High Court. 

29. In view of what has been stated above, when an application under

section 36 is filed before any principal civil court of original jurisdiction, it is duty

bound to find out:-

(i) whether it has territorial jurisdiction to decide questions forming

the subject matter of the arbitration if the same had been the

subject matter of a suit, and if so

(ii) whether period for filing application for setting aside the arbitral

award under section 34 of the Act has expired, and if so

(iii) whether such an application has at all been filed, and if so

(iv) whether such application on being filed has already been refused;

then and then only, the court can proceed to enforce the award as if it were a

decree of that court. But if it is found that it does not have jurisdiction to decide

questions forming the subject matter of the arbitration if the same had been the

subject matter of a suit, in that event, it cannot go for enforcing the award

taking recourse to the provisions of Order XXI of the Code of Civil Procedure

because by describing an arbitral award as ‘decree of the court’, the legislature

had amply mandated that it would only be the principal civil court of original

jurisdiction, having jurisdiction to decide questions forming the subject matter of

the arbitration if the same had been the subject matter of a suit. Otherwise, the

words ‘the court’ occurring at the end of section 36 after the word ‘a decree of’

shall become redundant which is contrary to the principles of interpretation of

statutes.

30. However, if the court to which an application under section 36 has been

filed, finds that it does not have jurisdiction to decide questions forming the

subject matter of the arbitration if the same had been the subject matter of a

suit, then it can entertain application only if the principal civil court of original

jurisdiction having jurisdiction to decide the questions forming the subject matter

of arbitration transfers the same to it. This is because, as discussed above, the

arbitral award at all events is the decree of the court having jurisdiction to decide

questions forming the subject matter of the arbitration if the same had been the 

subject matter of the suit and not otherwise. If an arbitral award is the decree of

the principal civil court having jurisdiction to decide questions forming the subject

matter of the arbitration if the same had been the subject matter of the suit by

legal fiction created by section 36 of the 1996 Act all other attributes of a civil

court decree shall be available to it and so it shall also be capable of being

transferred under section 39 as w21ell as Rules 5, 6, 7 and 8 of Order XXI of the

of the Code of Civil Procedure.

31. The above questions are fundamental and also inherent in section 36 of

the Act. Unless an executing court is satisfied on these points, it does not derive

jurisdiction to proceed further for enforcing an arbitral award. As these questions

go to the root of the matter and are intimately related to the inherent jurisdiction

of a court, a court cannot entertain an execution application under section 36 of

the Act read with the provisions of Order XXI of the CPC merely at the asking of

an award holder. As observed above, these aspects have not been gone into by

the learned Executing Courts involved in any of these revision petitions.

Consequently, it is to be held that the impugned orders are vitiated by

jurisdictional error and so, they are liable to be set aside. The impugned orders

are accordingly set aside.

32. In view of what has been discussed above, all the revision petitions stand

allowed and the concerned learned Executing courts are directed to pass orders

afresh taking into consideration the observations made including the questions

framed hereinabove. To avoid any further confusion and avoidable multiplicity of

proceedings, it is hereby made clear that in deciding the questions referred to in

question No. (ii) and (iii) in paragraph 29 above, the learned court shall first

determine the date since when limitation within the meaning of section 34(3) of

the 1996 Act would start running and thereupon proceed to decide the next

question. However, if the court finds after hearing the parties that it does not

have jurisdiction to decide questions forming the subject matter of the arbitration

if the same had been the subject matter of the suit in that event, shall not

proceed to decide any other question or to enforce the award until and unless 

the award is transferred to it by the principal civil court having jurisdiction to

decide questions forming the subject matter of the arbitration if the same had

been the subject matter of the suit.

33. The revision petitions stand disposed of accordingly.

34. No order as to costs.

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