From the mere fact that the payment of wages came from the bank at whose disposal the services of each of the appellants was kept did not render the appellants employees of those banks. The appointment is made by the State. The disciplinary control vests with the State. The two factors which conclusively establish that the relationship of master and servant exists between the State and the appellants. A fact which is clearly recognized by the division bench of the High Court in LPA No.209 of 1992. It may be worthwhile mentioning here that under the law of contracts in this country the consideration for a contract need not always necessarily flow from the parties to a contract. The decision of the SSP to reject the claim of the appellants only on the basis that the payment of wages to the appellants herein was being made by the concerned banks rendering them disentitled to seek regularization of their services from the State is clearly untenable.
Reportable
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 1059 OF 2005
Nihal Singh & Others …Appellants
Versus
State of Punjab & Others …Respondents
Citation;(2013) 14 SCC 65
2. Since both the appeals raise a common question of law, the same are
being disposed of by this common judgment. For the sake of convenience, we
shall refer to the facts in Civil Appeal No.1059 of 2005.
3. This appeal arises out of a judgment in CWP No. 13915 of 2002 of the
High Court of Punjab and Haryana dated 23rd January, 2003. 20
unsuccessful petitioners in the above writ-petition are the appellants
herein. The High Court dismissed the writ petition following an earlier
judgment of a Division Bench in LPA 209 of 1992 dated 6th September, 1993,
which in turn arose out of Civil Writ Petition No. 5280 of 1988. The
facts leading to all these writ petitions as could be culled out from the
material on record are as follows:-
4. There was a large scale disturbance in the State of Punjab in 1980s.
State was not in a position to handle the prevailing law and order
situation with the available police personnel. Therefore, the State of
Punjab resorted to recruitment under section 17[1] of the Police Act, 1861
(hereinafter referred to as ‘the Act’) which enabled the State (police
officers not below the rank of Inspector) to appoint Special Police
Officers.
5. The factual background in which persons such as the appellants herein
came to be appointed is recorded in the judgment in LPA No. 209 of 1992 as
follows:-
“I was at the meeting held on March 24, 1984 between the Advisor
to the Governor of Punjab and Senior officers of the banks in the
public Sector Operating in Punjab that, after reviewing the
security arrangements for banks in Punjab, it was decided that
SPOs be appointed for the said purpose in terms of section 17 of
the Police Act, 1861 (hereinafter referred to as the Act). This
step was taken as it was felt that it would not be possible for
the State Govt. to provide the requisite police guards to banks
and that, thereafter, this additional force be raised, in order to
do so, the banks undertook to take over the financial burden of
the SPOs to be appointed, but it was clearly understood that as
per the provisions of the Act, such Police Officers would be under
the discipline and control of the Senior Superintendent of Police
of the district concerned. As regards their remuneration it was
decided that SPOs would be paid an honorarium of Rs. 15/- per day.
This was, however, later enhanced to Rs. 30/- per day.
Relevant in the context of the SPOs to be appointed, was the
further decision”
6. The appellants herein assert that all the appellants are ex-
servicemen and registered with the employment exchange. They were
recruited as Special Police Officers.[2]
7. The appointment order of the first appellant reads as follows:
“Nihal Singh s/o Shri Nidhan Singh r/o Kallah PS Sadar 7-7 is hereby
appointed as a Special Police Officer under section 17 of the Police
Act, 1961, in the rank of SPO and is assigned special constabulary
number 277. He shall be entitled to all privileges under Police Act
1861 and shall be under the administrative control of the undersigned
in the matter of discipline etc.
He shall be paid Rs.35/- per day by the concerned bank of posting as
honorarium from the date he actually takes over charge of his duty.”
8. In the background of such appointments, various persons who were
appointed, including the appellants herein, approached the High Court of
Punjab & Haryana from time to time seeking appropriate directions for
regularisation of their services. It appears that the petitioners herein
also had approached the High Court earlier in CWP No.19390 of 2001 praying
that their services be regularized in the light of notification
No.11/34/2000-4PP-III/1301 dated 23.1.2001. The said writ petition was
dismissed by order dated 12.12.2001 directing consideration of the cases of
the petitioners therein (appellants herein) in accordance with the law and
pass a speaking order.
9. Pursuant to the said directions, the Senior Superintendent of Police,
Amritsar (hereinafter referred to as ‘the SSP’) purported to consider the
cases of the appellants herein and passed an order dated 23.4.2002
rejecting the claim of the appellants. The relevant portion of the order
reads as follows:
“In compliance with the aforesaid order dated 12.12.2001 passed by the
Hon’ble High Court of Punjab and Haryana, the joint legal notice dated
3.4.2001 (Annexure P-4) submitted by the petitioners, has been
examined by the undersigned and it has been found that the petitioner
is not entitled to claim the relief of regularization of his services
as he was appointed as SPOs (Bank Guards) on daily wages basis @
Rs.30/- per day by the SSP/Amritsar vide No.14477-80/B dated 27.4.87
S.P.O. (Bank Guard), on the request of the Bank Authorities which were
increased later on from time to time as per Govt. instructions. They
were appointed as SPO (Bank Guards) in order to provide them power,
privileges and protection of ordinary police official as provided
under section 18 of the Police Act 1861 due to terrorism in the State
at that time. The petitioners are still working as guards with the
Gramin Banks and daily wages is being given by the Bank Authorities.
No seniority of the S.P.O. (Bank Guard) has been maintained in
Amritsar District. SPO (Bank Guard) is still working with the Gramin
banks in Amritsar district and he can lay his claim, if any, to the
bank authorities instead of the Police Department.
Keeping in view the above legal notice dated 3.4.2001 (annexure P.4)
has been considered. The notification No.11/34/2000-4PP-III/1301
dated 23.1.2001 is not applicable in the case bank guard as their
daily wages are being paid by the bank. As such, the claim of the
petitioner (Bank Guards) SPO Ajit Singh No.247/ASR is not maintainable
against the State of Punjab or this Office. Legal notice Annexure P-4
is devoid of any legal force and is being rejected. The petitioner be
informed personally.”
10. Challenging the said order, the appellants herein once again
approached the High Court of Punjab & Haryana in Civil Writ Petition
No.13915 of 2002 which came to be dismissed by the judgment under appeal.
11. As already noticed, the appellants’ writ petition was dismissed on
the basis of an earlier judgment of the High Court of Punjab & Haryana
passed in Letter Patent Appeal No.209 of 1992. In the said Letter Patent
Appeal filed by the persons similarly situated as the appellants herein,
the High Court of Punjab & Haryana recorded a categoric finding that there
is a relationship of master and servant between the State of Punjab and the
SPOs:
“Such being the situation, there can be no escape from the conclusion
that the relationship of master and servant of SPOs is with the State
govt. and not with the banks.”
However, the claim of the SPOs for regularization was refused holding:
“As regards regularization of the services of Special Police Officers,
by the very nature and purpose of their appointment as such, no
occasion arises to warrant such regularization. As mentioned earlier,
there is no regular cadre for such posts, nor have any particular
number of posts been created for this purpose. These factors clearly
mitigate against such services being regularized.”
12. Relying on the said conclusion, the writ petition of the appellants
herein also came to be dismissed. Hence the present appeal.
13. We are required to examine the correctness of the decision dated
23.4.2002 of the SSP as approved by the judgment under appeal. The reason
assigned by the SSP for rejecting the claim of the appellants (the relevant
portion of which order is already extracted above) is that the appellants
are working as guards with various banks and their wages are being paid by
such banks and, therefore, their claim for regularization, if any, lay only
to the concerned bank but not to the police department.
14. Learned counsel for the appellants Shri R.K. Kapoor submitted that
the conclusion of the SSP that appellants cannot have any claim against the
State of Punjab to seek regularization of their services is clearly wrong
in view of the fact that the master and servant relationship exists between
the appellants and the State of Punjab. Coming to the conclusion of the
High Court that in the absence of regularly constituted cadre or sanctioned
posts, regularization of the services of the appellants cannot be
guaranteed, Shri Kapoor argued that the authority to create posts vests
exclusively with the State. The State cannot extract the work from the
persons like the appellants for decades and turn back to tell the court
that it cannot regularize the services of such persons in view of the fact
that these appointments were not made against any sanctioned posts.
15. On the other hand, Shri Kuldip Singh, learned counsel appearing for
the State submitted that in the light of the Constitution Bench decision of
this Court in Secretary, State of Karnataka and Ors v. Umadevi (3) and Ors
(2006) 4 SCC 1, in absence of a sanctioned post the relief such as prayed
by the appellants cannot be given.
16. As can be seen from the order of appointment of the 1st appellant -
which we take to be representative of the orders of appointment of all the
appellants (a fact which is not disputed by the respondent), the
appointment was made by the SSP in exercise of the statutory power under
section 17 of the Act. It is categorically mentioned in the said
appointment order that the appellants are entitled to all the privileges
under the Act. The powers, privileges and obligations of the SPOs appointed
in exercise of the powers under section 17 of the Act are specified in
section 18 which reads as follows:
“Every special police officers so appointed shall have same powers,
privileges and protection, and shall be liable to perform the same
duties and shall be amenable to the same penalities and be subordinate
to the same authorities, as the ordinary officers of police.”
17. It is obvious both from the said section and also the appointment
orders, the appellants are appointed by the State in exercise of the
statutory power under section 17 of the Act. The appellants are amenable
to the disciplinary control of the State as in the case of any other
regular police officers. The only distinction is that they are to be paid
daily wages of Rs.35 (which came to be revised from time to time). Further,
such payment was to be made by the bank to whom the services of each one of
the appellants is made available.
18. From the mere fact that the payment of wages came from the bank at
whose disposal the services of each of the appellants was kept did not
render the appellants employees of those banks. The appointment is made by
the State. The disciplinary control vests with the State. The two factors
which conclusively establish that the relationship of master and servant
exists between the State and the appellants. A fact which is clearly
recognized by the division bench of the High Court in LPA No.209 of 1992.
It may be worthwhile mentioning here that under the law of contracts in
this country the consideration for a contract need not always necessarily
flow from the parties to a contract. The decision of the SSP to reject the
claim of the appellants only on the basis that the payment of wages to the
appellants herein was being made by the concerned banks rendering them
disentitled to seek regularization of their services from the State is
clearly untenable.
19. Coming to the judgment of the division bench of the High Court of
Punjab & Haryana in LPA No.209 of 1992 where the claims for regularization
of the similarly situated persons were rejected on the ground that no
regular cadre or sanctioned posts are available for regularization of their
services, the High Court may be factually right in recording that there is
no regularly constituted cadre and sanctioned posts against which
recruitments of persons like the appellants herein were made. However,
that does not conclusively decide the issue on hand. The creation of a
cadre or sanctioning of posts for a cadre is a matter exclusively within
the authority of the State. That the State did not choose to create a cadre
but chose to make appointments of persons creating contractual relationship
only demonstrates the arbitrary nature of the exercise of the power
available under section 17 of the Act. The appointments made have never
been terminated thereby enabling various banks to utilize the services of
employees of the State for a long period on nominal wages and without
making available any other service benefits which are available to the
other employees of the State, who are discharging functions similar to the
functions that are being discharged by the appellants.
20. No doubt that the powers under section 17 are meant for meeting the
exigencies contemplated under it, such as, riot or disturbance which are
normally expected to be of a short duration. Therefore, the State might not
have initially thought of creating either a cadre or permanent posts.
21. But we do not see any justification for the State to take a defence
that after permitting the utilisation of the services of large number of
people like the appellants for decades to say that there are no sanctioned
posts to absorb the appellants. Sanctioned posts do not fall from heaven.
State has to create them by a conscious choice on the basis of some
rational assessment of the need.
22. The question is whether this court can compel the State of Punjab to
create posts and absorb the appellants into the services of the State on a
permanent basis consistent with the Constitution Bench decision of this
court in Umadevi’s case. To answer this question, the ratio decidendi of
the Umadevi’s case is required to be examined. In that case, this Court
was considering the legality of the action of the State in resorting to
irregular appointments without reference to the duty to comply with the
proper appointment procedure contemplated by the Constitution.
“4. … The Union, the States, their departments and instrumentalities
have resorted to irregular appointments, especially in the lower rungs
of the service, without reference to the duty to ensure a proper
appointment procedure through the Public Service Commissions or
otherwise as per the rules adopted and to permit these irregular
appointees or those appointed on contract or on daily wages, to
continue year after year, thus, keeping out those who are qualified to
apply for the post concerned and depriving them of an opportunity to
compete for the post. It has also led to persons who get employed,
without the following of a regular procedure or even through the
backdoor or on daily wages, approaching the courts, seeking directions
to make them permanent in their posts and to prevent regular
recruitment to the posts concerned. The courts have not always kept
the legal aspects in mind and have occasionally even stayed the
regular process of employment being set in motion and in some cases,
even directed that these illegal, irregular or improper entrants be
absorbed into service. A class of employment which can only be called
“litigious employment”, has risen like a phoenix seriously impairing
the constitutional scheme. Such orders are passed apparently in
exercise of the wide powers under Article 226 of the Constitution.
Whether the wide powers under Article 226 of the Constitution are
intended to be used for a purpose certain to defeat the concept of
social justice and equal opportunity for all, subject to affirmative
action in the matter of public employment as recognised by our
Constitution, has to be seriously pondered over.”
(emphasis supplied)
23. It can be seen from the above that the entire issue pivoted around
the fact that the State initially made appointments without following any
rational procedure envisaged under the Scheme of the Constitution in the
matters of public appointments. This court while recognising the authority
of the State to make temporary appointments engaging workers on daily wages
declared that the regularisation of the employment of such persons which
was made without following the procedure conforming to the requirement of
the Scheme of the Constitution in the matter of public appointments cannot
become an alternate mode of recruitment to public appointment. It was
further declared that the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Courts under
Article 226 or Article 32 cannot be exercised to compel the State or to
enable the State to perpetuate an illegality. This court held that
compelling the State to absorb persons who were employed by the State as
casual workers or daily-wage workers for a long period on the ground that
such a practice would be an arbitrary practice and violative of Article 14
and would itself offend another aspect of Article 14 i.e. the State chose
initially to appoint such persons without any rational procedure recognized
by law thereby depriving vast number of other eligible candidates who were
similarly situated to compete for such employment.
24. Even going by the principles laid down in Umadevi’s case, we are of
the opinion that the State of Punjab cannot be heard to say that the
appellants are not entitled to be absorbed into the services of the State
on permanent basis as their appointments were purely temporary and not
against any sanctioned posts created by the State.
25. In our opinion, the initial appointment of the appellants can never
be categorized as an irregular appointment. The initial appointment of the
appellants is made in accordance with the statutory procedure contemplated
under the Act. The decision to resort to such a procedure was taken at the
highest level of the State by conscious choice as already noticed by us.
The High Court in its decision in LPA No.209 of 1992 recorded that the
decision to resort to the procedure under section 17 of the Act was taken
in a meeting dated 24.3.1984 between the Advisor to the Government of
Punjab and senior officers of the various Banks in the public sector. Such
a decision was taken as there was a need to provide necessary security to
the public sector banks. As the State was not in a position to provide
requisite police guards to the banks, it was decided by the State to resort
to section 17 of the Act. As the employment of such additional force would
create a further financial burden on the State, various public sector banks
undertook to take over the financial burden arising out of such employment.
In this regard, the written statement filed before the High Court in the
instant case by respondent nos.1 to 3 through the Assistant Inspector
General of Police (Welfare & Litigation) is necessary to be noticed. It is
stated in the said affidavit:
“2. That in meeting of higher officers held on 27.3.1984 in Governor
House Chandigarh with Shri Surinder Nath, IPS, Advisor to Governor of
Punjab, in which following decisions were taken:-
i) That it will not be possible to provide police guard to banks
unless the Banks were willing to pay for the same and additional
force could be arranged on that basis, it was decided that
police guards should be requisitioned by the Banks for their
biggest branches located at the Distt. and Sub Divisional towns.
They should place the requisition with the Distt. SSPs
endorsing a copy of IG CID. In the requisition, they should
clearly state that the costs of guard would be met by them. It
will then be for the police department to get additional force
sanctioned. This task should be done on a top priority. In the
meantime depending upon the urgency of the need of any
particular branch, police Deptt. may provide from police
strength for its protection.
ii) For all other branches guards will be provided by Distt. SSP
after selecting suitable ex-servicemen or other able bodied
persons who will be appointed as Special Police Officer in terms
of Section 17 of the Police Act. Preference may be given to
persons who may already be in possession of licence weapons.
All persons appointed as SPO for this purpose will be given a
brief training for about 7 days in the Police Lines in the
handling of weapons taking suitable position for protection of
branches. These SPOs will work under the discipline and control
and as per Police Act, they will have the same powers,
privileges and protection and shall be amenable to same penalty
as an ordinary police personnel.”
26. It can be seen from the above that a selection process was designed
under which the District Senior Superintendent of Police is required to
choose suitable ex-servicemen or other able bodied persons for being
appointed as Special Police Officers in terms of section 17 of the Act. It
is indicated that the persons who are already in possession of a licensed
weapon are to be given priority.
27. It is also asserted by the appellants that pursuant to the
requisition by the police department options were called upon from ex-
servicemen who were willing to be enrolled as Special Police Officer (SPOs)
under section 17 of the Police Act, 1861.[3]
28. Such a procedure making recruitments through the employment exchanges
was held to be consistent with the requirement of Articles 14 and 16 of the
Constitution by this Court in Union of India and Ors. v. N. Hargopal and
Ors. (1987) 3 SCC 308.[4]
29. The abovementioned process clearly indicates it is not a case where
persons like the appellants were arbitrarily chosen to the exclusion of
other eligible candidates. It required all able bodied persons to be
considered by the SSP who was charged with the responsibility of selecting
suitable candidates.
30. Such a process of selection is sanctioned by law under section 17 of
the Act. Viewed in the context of the situation prevailing at that point
of time in the State of Punjab, such a process cannot be said to be
irrational. The need was to obtain the services of persons who had some
experience and training in handling an extraordinary situation of dealing
with armed miscreants.
31. It can also be noticed from the written statement of the Assistant
Inspector General of Police (Welfare & Litigation) that preference was
given to persons who are in possession of licensed weapons. The
recruitment of the appellants and other similarly situated persons was made
in the background of terrorism prevailing in the State of Punjab at that
time as acknowledged in the order dated 23.4.2002 of the SSP. The
procedure which is followed during the normal times of making recruitment
by inviting applications and scrutinising the same to identify the suitable
candidates would itself take considerable time. Even after such a
selection the selected candidates are required to be provided with
necessary arms and also be trained in the use of such arms. All this
process is certainly time consuming. The requirement of the State was to
take swift action in an extra-ordinary situation.
32. Therefore, we are of the opinion that the process of selection
adopted in identifying the appellants herein cannot be said to be
unreasonable or arbitrary in the sense that it was devised to eliminate
other eligible candidates. It may be worthwhile to note that in Umadevi’s
case, this Court was dealing with appointments made without following any
rational procedure in the lower rungs of various services of the Union and
the States.
33. Coming to the other aspect of the matter pointed out by the High
Court - that in the absence of sanctioned posts the State cannot be
compelled to absorb the persons like the appellants into the services of
the State, we can only say that posts are to be created by the State
depending upon the need to employ people having regard to various functions
the State undertakes to discharge.
“Every sovereign Government has within its own jurisdiction right and
power to create whatever public offices it may regard as necessary to
its proper functioning and its own internal administration.”[5]
34. It is no doubt that the assessment of the need to employ a certain
number of people for discharging a particular responsibility of the State
under the Constitution is always with the executive Government of the day
subject to the overall control of the Legislature. That does not mean
that an examination by a Constitutional Court regarding the accuracy of the
assessment of the need is barred. This Court in S.S. Dhanoa v. Union of
India (1991) 3 SCC 567 did examine the correctness of the assessment made
by the executive government. It was a case where Union of India appointed
two Election Commissioners in addition to the Chief Election Commissioner
just before the general elections to the Lok Sabha. Subsequent to the
elections, the new government abolished those posts. While examining the
legality of such abolition, this Court had to deal with an argument[6]
whether the need to have additional commissioners ceased subsequent to the
election. It was the case of the Union of India that on the date posts
were created there was a need to have additional commissioners in view of
certain factors such as the reduction of the lower age limit of the voters
etc. This Court categorically held that “The truth of the matter as is
apparent from the record is that …….there was no need for the said
appointments…..”.
35. Therefore, it is clear that the existence of the need for creation of
the posts is a relevant factor reference to which the executive government
is required to take rational decision based on relevant consideration. In
our opinion, when the facts such as the ones obtaining in the instant case
demonstrate that there is need for the creation of posts, the failure of
the executive government to apply its mind and take a decision to create
posts or stop extracting work from persons such as the appellants herein
for decades together itself would be arbitrary action (inaction) on the
part of the State.
36. The other factor which the State is required to keep in mind while
creating or abolishing posts is the financial implications involved in such
a decision. The creation of posts necessarily means additional financial
burden on the exchequer of the State. Depending upon the priorities of the
State, the allocation of the finances is no doubt exclusively within the
domain of the Legislature. However in the instant case creation of new
posts would not create any additional financial burden to the State as the
various banks at whose disposal the services of each of the appellants is
made available have agreed to bear the burden. If absorbing the appellants
into the services of the State and providing benefits at par with the
police officers of similar rank employed by the State results in further
financial commitment it is always open for the State to demand the banks to
meet such additional burden. Apparently no such demand has ever been made
by the State. The result is – the various banks which avail the services
of these appellants enjoy the supply of cheap labour over a period of
decades. It is also pertinent to notice that these banks are public sector
banks. We are of the opinion that neither the Government of Punjab nor
these public sector banks can continue such a practice consistent with
their obligation to function in accordance with the Constitution.
Umadevi’s judgment cannot become a licence for exploitation by the State
and its instrumentalities.
37. For all the abovementioned reasons, we are of the opinion that the
appellants are entitled to be absorbed in the services of the State. The
appeals are accordingly allowed. The judgments under appeal are set aside.
38. We direct the State of Punjab to regularise the services of the
appellants by creating necessary posts within a period of three months from
today. Upon such regularisation, the appellants would be entitled to all
the benefits of services attached to the post which are similar in nature
already in the cadre of the police services of the State. We are of the
opinion that the appellants are entitled to the costs throughout. In the
circumstances, we quantify the costs to Rs.10,000/- to be paid to each of
the appellants.
………………………………………..J.
(H.L. Gokhale)
…………………………………..……J.
(J. Chelameswar)
New Delhi;
August 7, 2013.
-----------------------
[1] Section 17, Police Act, 1861 – When it shall appear that any
unlawful assembly, or riot or disturbance of the peace has taken place, or
may be reasonably apprehended, and that police force ordinarily employed
for preserving the peace is not sufficient for its preservation and for the
protection of the inhabitants and the security of property in the place
where such unlawful assembly or riot or disturbances of the peace has
occurred, or is apprehended, it shall be lawful for any police officer not
below the rank of Inspector to apply to the nearest Magistrate to appoint
so many of the residents of the neighbourhood as such police officers may
require to act as SPOs for such time and within such limits as he shall
deem necessary and the Magistrate to whom such application is made shall,
unless he sees cause to the contrary, comply with the application.
[2] Ground IV of SLP - …It was the Police Department which sent the
intimation to the employment exchange and thereafter all the ex-servicemen
who were enrolled with the Employment Exchange were called upon and got
their option to be enrolled as Special Police Officer (SPOs) under section
17 of the Police Act, 1861. Those persons who were having armed licence
were enrolled as SPOs and this enrolment was made by the Superintendent of
Police, Amritsar. Similar orders were passed by the Superintendent of
Police regarding all the petitioners between 1986 to 1994.
[3] Paragraph 4 of the Writ petition and at page 34 of the SLP
Paperbook:
“That the Government made a policy to enrol the ex-servicemen to
guard the life and property of the Government employees as well as
Government employees. All the petitioners being ex-servicemen enrolled
themselves in the employment exchange. The police department sent the
intimation to the employment exchange and thereafter all the ex-servicemen
who were enrolled with the Employment Exchange were called upon and got
their option to be enrolled in as Special Police Officer (SPOs) under
section 17 of the Police Act, 1861 (hereinafter called as the SPOs). Those
persons who were having armed licence were enrolled as SPOs and this
enrolment was made by the Superintendent of Police, Amritsar.”
[4] 9. … We, therefore, consider that insistence on recruitment through
Employment Exchanges advances rather than restricts the rights guaranteed
by Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. The submission that Employment
Exchanges do not reach everywhere applies equally to whatever method of
advertising vacancies is adopted. Advertisement in the daily press, for
example, is also equally ineffective as it does not reach everyone desiring
employment.
[5] 42 American Jurisprudence 902 Para 31
[6] “21. In the first instance, the petitioner and the other Election
Commissioners were appointed when the work of the Commission did not
warrant their appointment. The reason given by respondent 1 (Union of
India), that on account of the Constitution (61st Amendment) Act reducing
the voting age and the Constitution (64th Amendment) and (65th Amendment)
Bills relating to election to the Panchayats and Nagar Palikas, the work of
the Commission was expected to increase and, therefore, there was need for
more Election Commissioners, cuts no ice. As has been pointed out by
respondent 2, the work relating to revision of electoral rolls on account
of the reduction of voting age was completed in all the States except Assam
by the end of July 1989 itself, and at the Conference of the Chief Elecoral
Officers at Tirupati, respondent 2 had declared that the entire preparatory
work relating to the conduct of the then ensuing general elections to the
Lok Sabha would be completed by August in the whole of the country except
Assam. Further, the Constitution (64th and 65th Amendment) Bills had
already fallen in Parliament, before the appointments. In fact, what was
needed was more secretarial staff for which the Commission was pressing,
and not more Election Commissioners. What instead was done was to appoint
the petitioner and the other Election Commissioner on October 16, 1989.
Admittedly, further the views of the Chief Election Commissioner were not
ascertained before making the said appointments. In fact, he was presented
with them for the first time in the afternoon of the same day, i.e.,
October 16, 1989.”
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24
Print Page
Reportable
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 1059 OF 2005
Nihal Singh & Others …Appellants
Versus
State of Punjab & Others …Respondents
Citation;(2013) 14 SCC 65
2. Since both the appeals raise a common question of law, the same are
being disposed of by this common judgment. For the sake of convenience, we
shall refer to the facts in Civil Appeal No.1059 of 2005.
3. This appeal arises out of a judgment in CWP No. 13915 of 2002 of the
High Court of Punjab and Haryana dated 23rd January, 2003. 20
unsuccessful petitioners in the above writ-petition are the appellants
herein. The High Court dismissed the writ petition following an earlier
judgment of a Division Bench in LPA 209 of 1992 dated 6th September, 1993,
which in turn arose out of Civil Writ Petition No. 5280 of 1988. The
facts leading to all these writ petitions as could be culled out from the
material on record are as follows:-
4. There was a large scale disturbance in the State of Punjab in 1980s.
State was not in a position to handle the prevailing law and order
situation with the available police personnel. Therefore, the State of
Punjab resorted to recruitment under section 17[1] of the Police Act, 1861
(hereinafter referred to as ‘the Act’) which enabled the State (police
officers not below the rank of Inspector) to appoint Special Police
Officers.
5. The factual background in which persons such as the appellants herein
came to be appointed is recorded in the judgment in LPA No. 209 of 1992 as
follows:-
“I was at the meeting held on March 24, 1984 between the Advisor
to the Governor of Punjab and Senior officers of the banks in the
public Sector Operating in Punjab that, after reviewing the
security arrangements for banks in Punjab, it was decided that
SPOs be appointed for the said purpose in terms of section 17 of
the Police Act, 1861 (hereinafter referred to as the Act). This
step was taken as it was felt that it would not be possible for
the State Govt. to provide the requisite police guards to banks
and that, thereafter, this additional force be raised, in order to
do so, the banks undertook to take over the financial burden of
the SPOs to be appointed, but it was clearly understood that as
per the provisions of the Act, such Police Officers would be under
the discipline and control of the Senior Superintendent of Police
of the district concerned. As regards their remuneration it was
decided that SPOs would be paid an honorarium of Rs. 15/- per day.
This was, however, later enhanced to Rs. 30/- per day.
Relevant in the context of the SPOs to be appointed, was the
further decision”
6. The appellants herein assert that all the appellants are ex-
servicemen and registered with the employment exchange. They were
recruited as Special Police Officers.[2]
7. The appointment order of the first appellant reads as follows:
“Nihal Singh s/o Shri Nidhan Singh r/o Kallah PS Sadar 7-7 is hereby
appointed as a Special Police Officer under section 17 of the Police
Act, 1961, in the rank of SPO and is assigned special constabulary
number 277. He shall be entitled to all privileges under Police Act
1861 and shall be under the administrative control of the undersigned
in the matter of discipline etc.
He shall be paid Rs.35/- per day by the concerned bank of posting as
honorarium from the date he actually takes over charge of his duty.”
8. In the background of such appointments, various persons who were
appointed, including the appellants herein, approached the High Court of
Punjab & Haryana from time to time seeking appropriate directions for
regularisation of their services. It appears that the petitioners herein
also had approached the High Court earlier in CWP No.19390 of 2001 praying
that their services be regularized in the light of notification
No.11/34/2000-4PP-III/1301 dated 23.1.2001. The said writ petition was
dismissed by order dated 12.12.2001 directing consideration of the cases of
the petitioners therein (appellants herein) in accordance with the law and
pass a speaking order.
9. Pursuant to the said directions, the Senior Superintendent of Police,
Amritsar (hereinafter referred to as ‘the SSP’) purported to consider the
cases of the appellants herein and passed an order dated 23.4.2002
rejecting the claim of the appellants. The relevant portion of the order
reads as follows:
“In compliance with the aforesaid order dated 12.12.2001 passed by the
Hon’ble High Court of Punjab and Haryana, the joint legal notice dated
3.4.2001 (Annexure P-4) submitted by the petitioners, has been
examined by the undersigned and it has been found that the petitioner
is not entitled to claim the relief of regularization of his services
as he was appointed as SPOs (Bank Guards) on daily wages basis @
Rs.30/- per day by the SSP/Amritsar vide No.14477-80/B dated 27.4.87
S.P.O. (Bank Guard), on the request of the Bank Authorities which were
increased later on from time to time as per Govt. instructions. They
were appointed as SPO (Bank Guards) in order to provide them power,
privileges and protection of ordinary police official as provided
under section 18 of the Police Act 1861 due to terrorism in the State
at that time. The petitioners are still working as guards with the
Gramin Banks and daily wages is being given by the Bank Authorities.
No seniority of the S.P.O. (Bank Guard) has been maintained in
Amritsar District. SPO (Bank Guard) is still working with the Gramin
banks in Amritsar district and he can lay his claim, if any, to the
bank authorities instead of the Police Department.
Keeping in view the above legal notice dated 3.4.2001 (annexure P.4)
has been considered. The notification No.11/34/2000-4PP-III/1301
dated 23.1.2001 is not applicable in the case bank guard as their
daily wages are being paid by the bank. As such, the claim of the
petitioner (Bank Guards) SPO Ajit Singh No.247/ASR is not maintainable
against the State of Punjab or this Office. Legal notice Annexure P-4
is devoid of any legal force and is being rejected. The petitioner be
informed personally.”
10. Challenging the said order, the appellants herein once again
approached the High Court of Punjab & Haryana in Civil Writ Petition
No.13915 of 2002 which came to be dismissed by the judgment under appeal.
11. As already noticed, the appellants’ writ petition was dismissed on
the basis of an earlier judgment of the High Court of Punjab & Haryana
passed in Letter Patent Appeal No.209 of 1992. In the said Letter Patent
Appeal filed by the persons similarly situated as the appellants herein,
the High Court of Punjab & Haryana recorded a categoric finding that there
is a relationship of master and servant between the State of Punjab and the
SPOs:
“Such being the situation, there can be no escape from the conclusion
that the relationship of master and servant of SPOs is with the State
govt. and not with the banks.”
However, the claim of the SPOs for regularization was refused holding:
“As regards regularization of the services of Special Police Officers,
by the very nature and purpose of their appointment as such, no
occasion arises to warrant such regularization. As mentioned earlier,
there is no regular cadre for such posts, nor have any particular
number of posts been created for this purpose. These factors clearly
mitigate against such services being regularized.”
12. Relying on the said conclusion, the writ petition of the appellants
herein also came to be dismissed. Hence the present appeal.
13. We are required to examine the correctness of the decision dated
23.4.2002 of the SSP as approved by the judgment under appeal. The reason
assigned by the SSP for rejecting the claim of the appellants (the relevant
portion of which order is already extracted above) is that the appellants
are working as guards with various banks and their wages are being paid by
such banks and, therefore, their claim for regularization, if any, lay only
to the concerned bank but not to the police department.
14. Learned counsel for the appellants Shri R.K. Kapoor submitted that
the conclusion of the SSP that appellants cannot have any claim against the
State of Punjab to seek regularization of their services is clearly wrong
in view of the fact that the master and servant relationship exists between
the appellants and the State of Punjab. Coming to the conclusion of the
High Court that in the absence of regularly constituted cadre or sanctioned
posts, regularization of the services of the appellants cannot be
guaranteed, Shri Kapoor argued that the authority to create posts vests
exclusively with the State. The State cannot extract the work from the
persons like the appellants for decades and turn back to tell the court
that it cannot regularize the services of such persons in view of the fact
that these appointments were not made against any sanctioned posts.
15. On the other hand, Shri Kuldip Singh, learned counsel appearing for
the State submitted that in the light of the Constitution Bench decision of
this Court in Secretary, State of Karnataka and Ors v. Umadevi (3) and Ors
(2006) 4 SCC 1, in absence of a sanctioned post the relief such as prayed
by the appellants cannot be given.
16. As can be seen from the order of appointment of the 1st appellant -
which we take to be representative of the orders of appointment of all the
appellants (a fact which is not disputed by the respondent), the
appointment was made by the SSP in exercise of the statutory power under
section 17 of the Act. It is categorically mentioned in the said
appointment order that the appellants are entitled to all the privileges
under the Act. The powers, privileges and obligations of the SPOs appointed
in exercise of the powers under section 17 of the Act are specified in
section 18 which reads as follows:
“Every special police officers so appointed shall have same powers,
privileges and protection, and shall be liable to perform the same
duties and shall be amenable to the same penalities and be subordinate
to the same authorities, as the ordinary officers of police.”
17. It is obvious both from the said section and also the appointment
orders, the appellants are appointed by the State in exercise of the
statutory power under section 17 of the Act. The appellants are amenable
to the disciplinary control of the State as in the case of any other
regular police officers. The only distinction is that they are to be paid
daily wages of Rs.35 (which came to be revised from time to time). Further,
such payment was to be made by the bank to whom the services of each one of
the appellants is made available.
18. From the mere fact that the payment of wages came from the bank at
whose disposal the services of each of the appellants was kept did not
render the appellants employees of those banks. The appointment is made by
the State. The disciplinary control vests with the State. The two factors
which conclusively establish that the relationship of master and servant
exists between the State and the appellants. A fact which is clearly
recognized by the division bench of the High Court in LPA No.209 of 1992.
It may be worthwhile mentioning here that under the law of contracts in
this country the consideration for a contract need not always necessarily
flow from the parties to a contract. The decision of the SSP to reject the
claim of the appellants only on the basis that the payment of wages to the
appellants herein was being made by the concerned banks rendering them
disentitled to seek regularization of their services from the State is
clearly untenable.
19. Coming to the judgment of the division bench of the High Court of
Punjab & Haryana in LPA No.209 of 1992 where the claims for regularization
of the similarly situated persons were rejected on the ground that no
regular cadre or sanctioned posts are available for regularization of their
services, the High Court may be factually right in recording that there is
no regularly constituted cadre and sanctioned posts against which
recruitments of persons like the appellants herein were made. However,
that does not conclusively decide the issue on hand. The creation of a
cadre or sanctioning of posts for a cadre is a matter exclusively within
the authority of the State. That the State did not choose to create a cadre
but chose to make appointments of persons creating contractual relationship
only demonstrates the arbitrary nature of the exercise of the power
available under section 17 of the Act. The appointments made have never
been terminated thereby enabling various banks to utilize the services of
employees of the State for a long period on nominal wages and without
making available any other service benefits which are available to the
other employees of the State, who are discharging functions similar to the
functions that are being discharged by the appellants.
20. No doubt that the powers under section 17 are meant for meeting the
exigencies contemplated under it, such as, riot or disturbance which are
normally expected to be of a short duration. Therefore, the State might not
have initially thought of creating either a cadre or permanent posts.
21. But we do not see any justification for the State to take a defence
that after permitting the utilisation of the services of large number of
people like the appellants for decades to say that there are no sanctioned
posts to absorb the appellants. Sanctioned posts do not fall from heaven.
State has to create them by a conscious choice on the basis of some
rational assessment of the need.
22. The question is whether this court can compel the State of Punjab to
create posts and absorb the appellants into the services of the State on a
permanent basis consistent with the Constitution Bench decision of this
court in Umadevi’s case. To answer this question, the ratio decidendi of
the Umadevi’s case is required to be examined. In that case, this Court
was considering the legality of the action of the State in resorting to
irregular appointments without reference to the duty to comply with the
proper appointment procedure contemplated by the Constitution.
“4. … The Union, the States, their departments and instrumentalities
have resorted to irregular appointments, especially in the lower rungs
of the service, without reference to the duty to ensure a proper
appointment procedure through the Public Service Commissions or
otherwise as per the rules adopted and to permit these irregular
appointees or those appointed on contract or on daily wages, to
continue year after year, thus, keeping out those who are qualified to
apply for the post concerned and depriving them of an opportunity to
compete for the post. It has also led to persons who get employed,
without the following of a regular procedure or even through the
backdoor or on daily wages, approaching the courts, seeking directions
to make them permanent in their posts and to prevent regular
recruitment to the posts concerned. The courts have not always kept
the legal aspects in mind and have occasionally even stayed the
regular process of employment being set in motion and in some cases,
even directed that these illegal, irregular or improper entrants be
absorbed into service. A class of employment which can only be called
“litigious employment”, has risen like a phoenix seriously impairing
the constitutional scheme. Such orders are passed apparently in
exercise of the wide powers under Article 226 of the Constitution.
Whether the wide powers under Article 226 of the Constitution are
intended to be used for a purpose certain to defeat the concept of
social justice and equal opportunity for all, subject to affirmative
action in the matter of public employment as recognised by our
Constitution, has to be seriously pondered over.”
(emphasis supplied)
23. It can be seen from the above that the entire issue pivoted around
the fact that the State initially made appointments without following any
rational procedure envisaged under the Scheme of the Constitution in the
matters of public appointments. This court while recognising the authority
of the State to make temporary appointments engaging workers on daily wages
declared that the regularisation of the employment of such persons which
was made without following the procedure conforming to the requirement of
the Scheme of the Constitution in the matter of public appointments cannot
become an alternate mode of recruitment to public appointment. It was
further declared that the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Courts under
Article 226 or Article 32 cannot be exercised to compel the State or to
enable the State to perpetuate an illegality. This court held that
compelling the State to absorb persons who were employed by the State as
casual workers or daily-wage workers for a long period on the ground that
such a practice would be an arbitrary practice and violative of Article 14
and would itself offend another aspect of Article 14 i.e. the State chose
initially to appoint such persons without any rational procedure recognized
by law thereby depriving vast number of other eligible candidates who were
similarly situated to compete for such employment.
24. Even going by the principles laid down in Umadevi’s case, we are of
the opinion that the State of Punjab cannot be heard to say that the
appellants are not entitled to be absorbed into the services of the State
on permanent basis as their appointments were purely temporary and not
against any sanctioned posts created by the State.
25. In our opinion, the initial appointment of the appellants can never
be categorized as an irregular appointment. The initial appointment of the
appellants is made in accordance with the statutory procedure contemplated
under the Act. The decision to resort to such a procedure was taken at the
highest level of the State by conscious choice as already noticed by us.
The High Court in its decision in LPA No.209 of 1992 recorded that the
decision to resort to the procedure under section 17 of the Act was taken
in a meeting dated 24.3.1984 between the Advisor to the Government of
Punjab and senior officers of the various Banks in the public sector. Such
a decision was taken as there was a need to provide necessary security to
the public sector banks. As the State was not in a position to provide
requisite police guards to the banks, it was decided by the State to resort
to section 17 of the Act. As the employment of such additional force would
create a further financial burden on the State, various public sector banks
undertook to take over the financial burden arising out of such employment.
In this regard, the written statement filed before the High Court in the
instant case by respondent nos.1 to 3 through the Assistant Inspector
General of Police (Welfare & Litigation) is necessary to be noticed. It is
stated in the said affidavit:
“2. That in meeting of higher officers held on 27.3.1984 in Governor
House Chandigarh with Shri Surinder Nath, IPS, Advisor to Governor of
Punjab, in which following decisions were taken:-
i) That it will not be possible to provide police guard to banks
unless the Banks were willing to pay for the same and additional
force could be arranged on that basis, it was decided that
police guards should be requisitioned by the Banks for their
biggest branches located at the Distt. and Sub Divisional towns.
They should place the requisition with the Distt. SSPs
endorsing a copy of IG CID. In the requisition, they should
clearly state that the costs of guard would be met by them. It
will then be for the police department to get additional force
sanctioned. This task should be done on a top priority. In the
meantime depending upon the urgency of the need of any
particular branch, police Deptt. may provide from police
strength for its protection.
ii) For all other branches guards will be provided by Distt. SSP
after selecting suitable ex-servicemen or other able bodied
persons who will be appointed as Special Police Officer in terms
of Section 17 of the Police Act. Preference may be given to
persons who may already be in possession of licence weapons.
All persons appointed as SPO for this purpose will be given a
brief training for about 7 days in the Police Lines in the
handling of weapons taking suitable position for protection of
branches. These SPOs will work under the discipline and control
and as per Police Act, they will have the same powers,
privileges and protection and shall be amenable to same penalty
as an ordinary police personnel.”
26. It can be seen from the above that a selection process was designed
under which the District Senior Superintendent of Police is required to
choose suitable ex-servicemen or other able bodied persons for being
appointed as Special Police Officers in terms of section 17 of the Act. It
is indicated that the persons who are already in possession of a licensed
weapon are to be given priority.
27. It is also asserted by the appellants that pursuant to the
requisition by the police department options were called upon from ex-
servicemen who were willing to be enrolled as Special Police Officer (SPOs)
under section 17 of the Police Act, 1861.[3]
28. Such a procedure making recruitments through the employment exchanges
was held to be consistent with the requirement of Articles 14 and 16 of the
Constitution by this Court in Union of India and Ors. v. N. Hargopal and
Ors. (1987) 3 SCC 308.[4]
29. The abovementioned process clearly indicates it is not a case where
persons like the appellants were arbitrarily chosen to the exclusion of
other eligible candidates. It required all able bodied persons to be
considered by the SSP who was charged with the responsibility of selecting
suitable candidates.
30. Such a process of selection is sanctioned by law under section 17 of
the Act. Viewed in the context of the situation prevailing at that point
of time in the State of Punjab, such a process cannot be said to be
irrational. The need was to obtain the services of persons who had some
experience and training in handling an extraordinary situation of dealing
with armed miscreants.
31. It can also be noticed from the written statement of the Assistant
Inspector General of Police (Welfare & Litigation) that preference was
given to persons who are in possession of licensed weapons. The
recruitment of the appellants and other similarly situated persons was made
in the background of terrorism prevailing in the State of Punjab at that
time as acknowledged in the order dated 23.4.2002 of the SSP. The
procedure which is followed during the normal times of making recruitment
by inviting applications and scrutinising the same to identify the suitable
candidates would itself take considerable time. Even after such a
selection the selected candidates are required to be provided with
necessary arms and also be trained in the use of such arms. All this
process is certainly time consuming. The requirement of the State was to
take swift action in an extra-ordinary situation.
32. Therefore, we are of the opinion that the process of selection
adopted in identifying the appellants herein cannot be said to be
unreasonable or arbitrary in the sense that it was devised to eliminate
other eligible candidates. It may be worthwhile to note that in Umadevi’s
case, this Court was dealing with appointments made without following any
rational procedure in the lower rungs of various services of the Union and
the States.
33. Coming to the other aspect of the matter pointed out by the High
Court - that in the absence of sanctioned posts the State cannot be
compelled to absorb the persons like the appellants into the services of
the State, we can only say that posts are to be created by the State
depending upon the need to employ people having regard to various functions
the State undertakes to discharge.
“Every sovereign Government has within its own jurisdiction right and
power to create whatever public offices it may regard as necessary to
its proper functioning and its own internal administration.”[5]
34. It is no doubt that the assessment of the need to employ a certain
number of people for discharging a particular responsibility of the State
under the Constitution is always with the executive Government of the day
subject to the overall control of the Legislature. That does not mean
that an examination by a Constitutional Court regarding the accuracy of the
assessment of the need is barred. This Court in S.S. Dhanoa v. Union of
India (1991) 3 SCC 567 did examine the correctness of the assessment made
by the executive government. It was a case where Union of India appointed
two Election Commissioners in addition to the Chief Election Commissioner
just before the general elections to the Lok Sabha. Subsequent to the
elections, the new government abolished those posts. While examining the
legality of such abolition, this Court had to deal with an argument[6]
whether the need to have additional commissioners ceased subsequent to the
election. It was the case of the Union of India that on the date posts
were created there was a need to have additional commissioners in view of
certain factors such as the reduction of the lower age limit of the voters
etc. This Court categorically held that “The truth of the matter as is
apparent from the record is that …….there was no need for the said
appointments…..”.
35. Therefore, it is clear that the existence of the need for creation of
the posts is a relevant factor reference to which the executive government
is required to take rational decision based on relevant consideration. In
our opinion, when the facts such as the ones obtaining in the instant case
demonstrate that there is need for the creation of posts, the failure of
the executive government to apply its mind and take a decision to create
posts or stop extracting work from persons such as the appellants herein
for decades together itself would be arbitrary action (inaction) on the
part of the State.
36. The other factor which the State is required to keep in mind while
creating or abolishing posts is the financial implications involved in such
a decision. The creation of posts necessarily means additional financial
burden on the exchequer of the State. Depending upon the priorities of the
State, the allocation of the finances is no doubt exclusively within the
domain of the Legislature. However in the instant case creation of new
posts would not create any additional financial burden to the State as the
various banks at whose disposal the services of each of the appellants is
made available have agreed to bear the burden. If absorbing the appellants
into the services of the State and providing benefits at par with the
police officers of similar rank employed by the State results in further
financial commitment it is always open for the State to demand the banks to
meet such additional burden. Apparently no such demand has ever been made
by the State. The result is – the various banks which avail the services
of these appellants enjoy the supply of cheap labour over a period of
decades. It is also pertinent to notice that these banks are public sector
banks. We are of the opinion that neither the Government of Punjab nor
these public sector banks can continue such a practice consistent with
their obligation to function in accordance with the Constitution.
Umadevi’s judgment cannot become a licence for exploitation by the State
and its instrumentalities.
37. For all the abovementioned reasons, we are of the opinion that the
appellants are entitled to be absorbed in the services of the State. The
appeals are accordingly allowed. The judgments under appeal are set aside.
38. We direct the State of Punjab to regularise the services of the
appellants by creating necessary posts within a period of three months from
today. Upon such regularisation, the appellants would be entitled to all
the benefits of services attached to the post which are similar in nature
already in the cadre of the police services of the State. We are of the
opinion that the appellants are entitled to the costs throughout. In the
circumstances, we quantify the costs to Rs.10,000/- to be paid to each of
the appellants.
………………………………………..J.
(H.L. Gokhale)
…………………………………..……J.
(J. Chelameswar)
New Delhi;
August 7, 2013.
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[1] Section 17, Police Act, 1861 – When it shall appear that any
unlawful assembly, or riot or disturbance of the peace has taken place, or
may be reasonably apprehended, and that police force ordinarily employed
for preserving the peace is not sufficient for its preservation and for the
protection of the inhabitants and the security of property in the place
where such unlawful assembly or riot or disturbances of the peace has
occurred, or is apprehended, it shall be lawful for any police officer not
below the rank of Inspector to apply to the nearest Magistrate to appoint
so many of the residents of the neighbourhood as such police officers may
require to act as SPOs for such time and within such limits as he shall
deem necessary and the Magistrate to whom such application is made shall,
unless he sees cause to the contrary, comply with the application.
[2] Ground IV of SLP - …It was the Police Department which sent the
intimation to the employment exchange and thereafter all the ex-servicemen
who were enrolled with the Employment Exchange were called upon and got
their option to be enrolled as Special Police Officer (SPOs) under section
17 of the Police Act, 1861. Those persons who were having armed licence
were enrolled as SPOs and this enrolment was made by the Superintendent of
Police, Amritsar. Similar orders were passed by the Superintendent of
Police regarding all the petitioners between 1986 to 1994.
[3] Paragraph 4 of the Writ petition and at page 34 of the SLP
Paperbook:
“That the Government made a policy to enrol the ex-servicemen to
guard the life and property of the Government employees as well as
Government employees. All the petitioners being ex-servicemen enrolled
themselves in the employment exchange. The police department sent the
intimation to the employment exchange and thereafter all the ex-servicemen
who were enrolled with the Employment Exchange were called upon and got
their option to be enrolled in as Special Police Officer (SPOs) under
section 17 of the Police Act, 1861 (hereinafter called as the SPOs). Those
persons who were having armed licence were enrolled as SPOs and this
enrolment was made by the Superintendent of Police, Amritsar.”
[4] 9. … We, therefore, consider that insistence on recruitment through
Employment Exchanges advances rather than restricts the rights guaranteed
by Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. The submission that Employment
Exchanges do not reach everywhere applies equally to whatever method of
advertising vacancies is adopted. Advertisement in the daily press, for
example, is also equally ineffective as it does not reach everyone desiring
employment.
[5] 42 American Jurisprudence 902 Para 31
[6] “21. In the first instance, the petitioner and the other Election
Commissioners were appointed when the work of the Commission did not
warrant their appointment. The reason given by respondent 1 (Union of
India), that on account of the Constitution (61st Amendment) Act reducing
the voting age and the Constitution (64th Amendment) and (65th Amendment)
Bills relating to election to the Panchayats and Nagar Palikas, the work of
the Commission was expected to increase and, therefore, there was need for
more Election Commissioners, cuts no ice. As has been pointed out by
respondent 2, the work relating to revision of electoral rolls on account
of the reduction of voting age was completed in all the States except Assam
by the end of July 1989 itself, and at the Conference of the Chief Elecoral
Officers at Tirupati, respondent 2 had declared that the entire preparatory
work relating to the conduct of the then ensuing general elections to the
Lok Sabha would be completed by August in the whole of the country except
Assam. Further, the Constitution (64th and 65th Amendment) Bills had
already fallen in Parliament, before the appointments. In fact, what was
needed was more secretarial staff for which the Commission was pressing,
and not more Election Commissioners. What instead was done was to appoint
the petitioner and the other Election Commissioner on October 16, 1989.
Admittedly, further the views of the Chief Election Commissioner were not
ascertained before making the said appointments. In fact, he was presented
with them for the first time in the afternoon of the same day, i.e.,
October 16, 1989.”
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