Law has been authoritatively settled by this Court almost half a century ago,
duly approved by the Supreme Court nearly forty-five years back, that
Courts ought to be careful to distinguish exercise of jurisdiction from
existence of jurisdiction. However, the consequences of failure to comply
with statutory requirements in the assumption and in the exercise of
jurisdiction are fundamentally different. Assumption of jurisdiction to decide
an issue which the adjudicator does not possess renders the ultimate
decision “coram non judice”. A judgment pronounced by a Court without
jurisdiction is void; however, an error committed in the exercise of
jurisdiction does not result in the ultimate decision becoming void ab initio.
An order of a particular kind which a Court has the jurisdiction to pass but
which it should not have passed in the circumstances of the litigation does
not indicate total want or loss of jurisdiction so as to render the order a
nullity.
IN THE HIGH COURT AT CALCUTTA
CONSTITUTIONAL WRIT JURISDICTION
ORIGINAL SIDE
Present : The Hon’ble Justice Dipankar Datta
W.P. No. 384 of 2014
Lloyd Insulations (India) Ltd.
vs.
State of West Bengal & ors.
Judgment on : September 10, 2014
1. The legality and/or validity of an award dated February 10, 2012 passed by
the West Bengal State Micro & Small Enterprises Facilitation Council
(hereafter the Council) in purported exercise of power conferred by Section
18 of the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006
(hereafter the 2006 Act) is under challenge in this writ petition at the
instance of the petitioning company. It was a respondent in a reference that
arose out of a claim for money lodged by the fourth respondent herein. The
award required the petitioning company to pay to the fourth respondent
Rs.1,02,41,730.27
(Rs.9,47,752/-on
account
of
outstanding
principal
amount together with interest of Rs.92,93,978.27) within one month from
the date of communication of the same.
2. Preliminary objections to the maintainability of the writ petition were raised
by Mr. Chaturvedi, learned advocate for the fourth respondent and Mr. Sen,
learned senior advocate appearing for the first respondent. The points are:
1. Since in terms of Section 18 of the 2006 Act the Council acted as an
arbitrator and its award dated February 10, 2012 for all intents and
purposes is an award within the meaning of the Arbitration and
Conciliation Act, 1996 (hereafter the 1996 Act), the remedy of the
petitioning company lay in filing an application under Section 34 of
the 1996 Act for having such award set aside and Section 34 being the
only remedy available to the petitioning company on facts and in the
circumstances, the writ petition may not be entertained.
2. The writ petition suffers from unexplained delay and laches. The writ
court has been approached only after the fourth respondent presented
an application for execution of the impugned award and since the
petitioning company allowed third party interest to accrue over the
years, the writ court ought to be loath to interfere and the fourth
respondent
would
be
subjected
to
immense
hardship
and
inconvenience if at this belated stage the writ petition is entertained.
3. Although the award is that of the Council, the petitioning company
has not impleaded the Council as a respondent; therefore, the writ
petition suffers from non-joinder of a necessary party and as such the
writ petition is liable to dismissal.
3. Mr. Sengupta, learned senior advocate representing the petitioning company
responded to the preliminary objections by submitting as follows:
1. What his adversaries perceive to be an award is in substance an order
of the Council only; it is really not an award. By appearance the order
may look like an award but in reality it is a mere cloak. The reference
has been decided by the Council in a manner that is completely
contrary to the statutory mandate in Section 18 of the 2006 Act.
Referring to sub-sections (2) and (3) of Section 18, it was submitted
that an arbitration could have commenced only after a process of
conciliation that is initiated between the parties and required to be
conducted in terms of the provisions of Section 65 to 81 of the 1996
Act is not successful and stands terminated without any settlement
between them. Stressing on the words “shall then” in sub-section (3), it
was submitted that the parties were not informed of termination of
conciliation and the commencement of arbitration in terms thereof,
and the order purporting to decide the dispute between the private
parties without any opportunity of hearing not being an award at all,
question of taking recourse to Section 34 of the 1996 Act does not and
cannot arise.
2. The petitioning company did not feel affected by the order of the
Council so long the application for execution was not presented by the
fourth respondent and immediately after the execution application was
presented before the High Court at Madras did the petitioning
company consider it proper to invoke the writ jurisdiction to have the
said order set aside. There has, accordingly, been no delay in
presentation of the writ petition.
3. The Chairperson and the Director of the Council being parties to the
writ petition, non-impleadment of the Council as a respondent should
not be considered fatal and since the Court has wide powers, leave can
always and may be granted to implead the Council as a respondent.
4. It was additionally submitted by Mr. Sengupta that Article 226 jurisdiction is
exercised when there is patent injustice, and the infirmities in the impugned
order are so patent that refusal to exercise jurisdiction would amount to
injustice to the party who has suffered the same. Referring to Section 19 of
the 2006 Act, it was submitted that even if recourse to Section 34 of the 1996
Act is taken, the pre-deposit that the award-debtor is required to make is too
onerous for the remedy under Section 34 to be considered an efficacious
alternative remedy. According to him, in a similar case where the Council had
passed an order labelling it as its award, a coordinate bench of this Court had
interfered as would appear from the decision reported in 2013 (5) CHN (CAL)
375 (Agriculture Finance Co. Ltd. v. Micro & Small Enterprises Facilitation
Council and ors.). Since in similar circumstances this Court entertained the
challenge, it was urged that interference is warranted to safeguard the interest
of the petitioning company which had been grossly wronged.
5. I have heard learned advocates appearing for the parties at substantial
length and the authorities cited by each of them.
6. It is true that in the circumstances quite similar to the present one, the writ
court interfered with a purported order/award of the Council while deciding
Agriculture Finance Co. Ltd. (supra). It is also not in dispute that exercise of
discretion by the writ court was not interfered with by the Hon’ble Division
Bench when such decision was carried in appeal.
7. It is equally true that another coordinate bench of this Court had the prior
occasion to decide W.P. 871 of 2011 [Jupiter Alloys and Steels (India)
Limited & anr. v. Union of India & ors.]. By the unreported decision dated
September 21, 2011, the learned judge, inter alia, held as follows:
“*****
In view of these statutory provisions under which the award was made
and according to which it could be challenged by the petitioners, I am
unable to accept the argument that their remedy available under s. 34 of
the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 was an alternative to the art.
226 remedy.
As clearly provided in s. 34, it was the only remedy; and in the name of
error of jurisdiction committed by the Council and treating it as a
statutory authority whose orders and decisions can be judicially reviewed
by the Writ Court, the proceedings cannot be derailed by the High Court
under art. 226.
The remedy under s. 34 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
could be considered an alternative to the art. 226 remedy, if the petitioner
were entitled to choose between the two the one or the other. In view of
the provisions of s. 34 the petitioners were not entitled to choose any
remedy other than the remedy under s. 34.
The decisions in Harbanslal and Tantia Construction both were given
applying the principle that in a given case the Writ Court can permit a
party to approach it bypassing the arbitral tribunal he is supposed to
approach in terms of the arbitration agreement between the parties. That
is not the case here. I am unable to see how the decision in Kusaldas can
be of any assistance in this case.
Besides, I do not find any reason to accept the argument that the award
of the Council is vitiated by a jurisdictional error. The Council had
jurisdiction to pass the award. The petitioners’ allegation is that
immediately after failure of conciliation under sub-s. (2) of s. 18, instead
of proceeding following the provisions of r. 4 of the rules, the Council
passed the award straight in exercise of power available under sub-s. (3)
of s. 18.
This case, even if accepted to be correct, may at best lead to a conclusion
that the award is vitiated either by an illegality or by a material
irregularity, and in such case the question of remand to the Council will
arise. There is no reason to permit the petitioners to approach the Writ
Court for the purpose.
For these reasons, the petition is dismissed.
*****.”
8. The same Hon’ble Division Bench which decided the appeal preferred against
the decision in Agriculture Finance Co. Ltd. (supra) had the occasion to
decide the appeal that was preferred against the decision dated September
21, 2011 in Jupiter Alloys (supra). On this occasion, the Hon’ble Division
Bench declined to interfere with non-exercise of discretion by the learned
Judge while dismissing the writ petition.
9. The question that arises for an answer in view of the above facts and
circumstances is, whether the order passed by the Council which is labeled
as an award merits interference or not.
10. Law has been authoritatively settled by this Court almost half a century ago,
duly approved by the Supreme Court nearly forty-five years back, that
Courts ought to be careful to distinguish exercise of jurisdiction from
existence of jurisdiction. However, the consequences of failure to comply
with statutory requirements in the assumption and in the exercise of
jurisdiction are fundamentally different. Assumption of jurisdiction to decide
an issue which the adjudicator does not possess renders the ultimate
decision “coram non judice”. A judgment pronounced by a Court without
jurisdiction is void; however, an error committed in the exercise of
jurisdiction does not result in the ultimate decision becoming void ab initio.
An order of a particular kind which a Court has the jurisdiction to pass but
which it should not have passed in the circumstances of the litigation does
not indicate total want or loss of jurisdiction so as to render the order a
nullity.
11. Mr. Sen is right in submitting that in terms of Section 18 of the 2006 Act,
the Council has the power to make an award. He is also right in submitting
that if power to make an award were not traceable and even then an award
had been made, the award would be defective for total want of jurisdiction;
on the contrary, if the Council in the making of the award does not follow the
steps or procedure prescribed by the relevant statute it would be an error in
the exercise of jurisdiction. He also urges me to agree with the view
expressed by the learned Judge in Jupiter Alloys (supra) that the purported
order/award of the kind impugned herein, even if the contention advanced
that the statutory provisions were not complied with, would stand vitiated
not on the ground that a jurisdiction was usurped but that the jurisdiction
was illegally exercised. In my view, if the purported order/award that is
under challenge in this writ petition falls in the second category, it would not
be proper to hold that despite a remedy being available under Section 34 of
the 1996 Act, the writ court ought to interfere.
12. Mr. Sengupta, however, argued that before the dispute could be referred for
resolution by arbitration, there ought to have been an order to the effect that
the process of conciliation had failed resulting in such process standing
terminated and in the absence of such order being recorded, the
jurisdictional fact for referring the dispute for resolution by arbitration did
not exist and, therefore, the award has been made by the Council, if at all,
without the precondition being satisfied and, therefore, this is an erroneous
assumption of jurisdiction which ought to be interdicted by the writ court.
13. The Supreme Court in the decision reported in AIR 1992 SC 1555 (Shrisht
Dhawan v. M/s. Shaw Brothers) was confronted with the question as to
what is an error in respect of a jurisdictional fact. It was observed therein as
follows:
“19. .........A jurisdictional fact is one on existence or non-existence of
which depends assumption or refusal to assume jurisdiction by a Court,
Tribunal or an authority. In Black's Legal Dictionary it is explained as a
fact which must exist before a Court can properly assume jurisdiction of
a particular case. Mistake of fact in relation to jurisdiction is an error of
jurisdictional fact. No statutory authority or tribunal can assume
jurisdiction in respect of subject-matter which the statute does not
confer on it and if by deciding erroneously the fact on which jurisdiction
depends the Court or tribunal exercises the jurisdiction then the order
is vitiated. Error of jurisdictional fact renders the order ultra vires and
bad [Wade Administrative Law]. In Raza Textiles v. Income-tax Officer,
Rampur (1973) 1 SCC 633: (AIR 1973 SC 1362) it was held that a Court
or Tribunal cannot confer jurisdiction on itself by deciding a
jurisdictional fact wrongly.......”
14. I accept the contention of Mr. Sengupta that the Council assumed
jurisdiction without the existence of a jurisdictional fact i.e. an order,
recording that there was no settlement in the process of conciliation and the
conciliation stood terminated warranting resolution of the dispute by
reference
to
arbitration.
The
order
terminating
the
conciliation,
commencement of arbitration and a decision on the dispute by way of an
award could not have been rolled up in one order and labelled as an award,
and the manner in which the Council proceeded was not in accordance with
the provisions contained in Section 18 of the 2006 Act.
15. However, does it follow that the Court ought to interfere with the purported
order/award? I am afraid, the question must be answered in the negative for
the reasons that follow.
16. Several authorities have been cited laying down the law when the writ court
ought not to entertain a writ petition on the ground of delay and laches. I
need only refer to one more or less recent decision that was not cited, but
which considered several earlier decisions (out of which some were cited
before me). It is reported in (2009) 1 SCC 768 (Tidip Kumar Dingal v. State of
West Bengal). It has been held there as follows:
“57. If the petitioner wants to invoke jurisdiction of a writ court, he
should come to the Court at the earliest reasonably possible
opportunity. Inordinate delay in making the motion for a writ will
indeed be a good ground for refusing to exercise such discretionary
jurisdiction. The underlying object of this principle is not to encourage
agitation of stale claims and exhume matters which have already been
disposed of or settled or where the rights of third parties have accrued
in the meantime (vide State of M.P. v. Bhailal Bhai, AIR 1964 SC 1006,
Moon Mills Ltd. v. Industrial Court, AIR 1967 SC 1450, and Bhoop
Singh v. Union of India, (1992) 3 SCC 136]. This principle applies even
in case of an infringement of fundamental right [vide Tilokchand
Motichand v. H.B. Munshi, (1969) 1 SCC 110, Durga Prashad v. Chief
Controller of Imports & Exports, (1969) 1 SCC 185, and Rabindranath
Bose v. Union of India, (1970) 1 SCC 84].
58. There is no upper limit and there is no lower limit as to when a
person can approach a court. The question is one of discretion and
has to be decided on the basis of facts before the court depending on
and varying from case to case. It will depend upon what the breach of
fundamental right and the remedy claimed are and when and how the
delay arose.
59. We are in respectful agreement with the following observations of
this Court in P.S. Sadasivaswamy v. State of T.N., (1975) 1 SCC 152
(SCC p. 154, para 2)
‘2. ... It is not that there is any period of limitation for the courts to
exercise their powers under Article 226 nor is it that there can
never be a case where the courts cannot interfere in a matter after
the passage of a certain length of time. But it would be a sound and
wise exercise of discretion for the courts to refuse to exercise their
extraordinary powers under Article 226 in the case of persons who
do not approach it expeditiously for relief and who stand by and
allow things to happen and then approach the court to put forward
stale claims and try to unsettle settled matters’.”
(emphasis supplied in original)
17. Consideration of the objection to the belated approach cannot be made
without bearing in mind the above principles. The purported order/award
was received by the petitioning company in the middle of March, 2012 (see
paragraph 15 of the writ petition). From the authorities/orders that have
been cited, it appears that the petitioning company had the occasion to
invoke the writ jurisdiction of this Court sometime in early August, 2012 for
quashing of a separate order/award dated December 20, 2010 passed by the
Council by presenting a writ petition (W. P. No. 577 of 2012). In such writ
petition, they had also challenged the vires of certain provisions of the 2006
Act. I had the occasion to consider the writ petition on August 6, 2012 and
had observed that “(B)ut for the challenge to the vires of certain provisions of
the Act, this writ petition ought to have been summarily dismissed on the
ground of unexplained delay and laches in its presentation”. The writ petition
was admitted making it clear that unless the petitioning company succeeds
on the point of vires, the impugned order shall not be examined on merits.
The petitioning company felt aggrieved by the refusal to grant interim relief
and carried the said order in appeal (APOT No. 437 of 2012). An Hon’ble
Division Bench by order dated September 17, 2012 observed that if the
purported award had been put into execution as a deemed decree under
Section 36 of the 1996 Act, it would be open to the petitioning company to
take all points before the executing court without prejudice to its rights and
contentions in the pending writ proceedings. I have been informed that the
said writ petition is yet to be finally disposed of.
18. Reference to the aforesaid proceedings has been considered necessary to
assess the conduct of the petitioning company. On August 6, 2012, interim
relief was denied on the ground that the petitioning company had
approached the Court late. The purported order/award impugned in this
writ petition had come into existence by that date. The petitioning company
again exemplified its indolent, lethargic and tardy attitude. This writ petition
was presented only after the execution application has been filed by the
fourth respondent. Mr. Chaturvedi and Mr. Sen are right in their submission
that there is hardly any explanation in the writ petition justifying the belated
approach. Mr. Sengupta advanced a submission that in terms of Rule 4(12)
of the West Bengal Micro & Small Enterprises Facilitation Council Rules,
2006, the award was required to be stamped in accordance with the relevant
law in force and since it is not so stamped, the petitioning company
considered the purported order/award not to be in accordance with law and,
therefore, did not feel the urge to challenge it. It was reiterated that only
after the execution application had been filed that the necessity to challenge
the purported order/award arose. This explanation is not to be found in the
writ petition. In the absence of any pleading to this effect, the explanation
offered by Mr. Sengupta cannot be accepted.
19. That apart, there is merit in the submission of Mr. Sen that it would be open
to the petitioning company to raise the point of the award not being stamped
before the Court which is urged to execute it.
20. There cannot be any iota of doubt that the delay and laches in filing this writ
petition without any explanation at all is fatal for its maintainability and it
ought to be dismissed only on this ground, apart from the fact that
interference may lead to affectation of third party interest.
21. I do order accordingly that the writ petition stands dismissed. However, the
parties shall bear their own costs.
22. It is made clear that the observations made hereinabove are only for the
purpose of deciding this writ petition and shall not influence any other court
before which invalidity of the impugned order/award is urged.
Urgent certified copy of this judgment and order, if applied for, may be
furnished to the applicant at an early date.
(DIPANKAR DATTA, J.)
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