Sudhir Vasudeva v. M. George Ravishekaran, (2014) 3 SCC 373 - No order or direction supplemental to what has been already expressed should be issued by the Court while exercising jurisdiction in the domain of contempt law. Power to punish for contempt is a special and rare power. It is a drastic power which, if misdirected, could even curb the liberty of the individual charged with commission of contempt. Nature of the power casts a sacred duty in the Courts to exercise the same with the greatest of care and caution. Courts must not, therefore, travel beyond the four corners of the order which is alleged to have been flouted or enter into questions that have not been dealt with or decided in the judgment or the order violation of which is alleged. Only such directions which are explicit in a judgment or order or are plainly self-evident ought to be taken into account for the purpose of consideration as to whether there has been any disobedience or wilful violation of the same. Decided issues cannot be reopened; nor can the plea of equities be considered. Courts must also ensure that while considering a contempt plea the power available to the Court in other corrective jurisdictions like review or appeal is not trenched upon.
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO.1816 OF 2014
Special Leave Petition (C) NO.23272 OF 2012
SUDHIR VASUDEVA, CHAIRMAN & MD. ... APPELLANT
VERSUS
M. GEORGE RAVISHEKARAN & ORS. ... RESPONDENT (S)
RANJAN GOGOI, J
1. Leave granted.
2. Aggrieved by a direction of the Madras High Court in
exercise of its contempt jurisdiction to create supernumerary
posts, this appeal has been filed by the respondents in the
contempt proceeding.
3. Shorn off unnecessary details the core facts that would
need a recital are enumerated hereinbelow.
The respondents in the present appeal were engaged as
Radio Operators on contract basis in the Oil and Natural Gas
Corporation Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as “the
Corporation”), a Public Sector Undertaking, inter alia,
engaged in on-shore and off-shore oil and natural gas
exploration. By a notification dated 08.09.1994 issued under
Section 10(1) of the Contract Labour (Regulation and
Abolition) Act, 1970 employment of contract labour in various
works in the Corporation, including the work of Radio
Operators, was prohibited. A Writ Petition bearing No. 15211
of 1991 seeking a direction to the Corporation to treat the
contract Radio Operators at par with the regular Marine
Assistant Radio Operators was pending before the High Court
at that point of time. Subsequently, the union representing
56 number of contract employees engaged as Radio
Operators instituted another Writ Petition i.e. W.P. No. 1178
of 1996 seeking the same relief.
4. In Air India Statutory Corporation and Others Vs.
United Labour Union and Others1 this Court took the view
that upon abolition of contract labour the persons engaged
on contract basis became the employees of the principal
employer and hence entitled to regularization under the
principal employer. The said view has been subsequently
dissented from, though prospectively, in Steel Authority of
India Ltd. & Ors. Vs. National Union Waterfront
Workers & Ors.2. Following the decision of this Court in Air
India Statutory Corporation and Others (supra) the writ
petitions were allowed by a learned Single Judge of the
Madras High Court by Order dated 29.01.1997. The Letters
Patent Appeal filed by the Corporation against the said order
was dismissed. The matter was carried to this Court in S.L.P.
(Civil) No.20951 of 1997 which was disposed on 12.1.1998
with the following operative direction.
“Mr. V.R. Reddy, learned Additional Solicitor
General appearing on behalf of the petitioner
states that those of the 56 workmen who are found
to be qualified in terms of the appropriate
regulations, as in force at the relevant time, shall
1 (1997) 9 SCC 377
2 (2001) 7 SCC 1
be absorbed as contemplated by the judgment in
Air India Statutory Corporation & Ors. vs. United
Labour Union & Ors. 1997 (7) SCC 377. In view of
this statement the SLP does not survive and is
disposed of.”
5. Following the aforesaid order of this Court in the special
leave petition the respondents herein were absorbed as
“Junior Helpers” with effect from 29.1.1997 by an order
dated 2.4.1998. Their pay was fixed at the bottom of the
basic pay of Class IV employees of the Corporation. It may
be noticed, at this stage, that the respondents being
employees of the Southern Region of the Corporation were
posted at Karaikal and Rajamundry stations.
6. It appears that thereafter a Committee was constituted
by the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas which
recommended that the Corporation is bound to absorb all the
contract Radio Operators who had the requisite qualification
in the post of Marine Assistant Radio Operators with effect
from 8.9.1994 and in the pay scale applicable to the said
post as on 8.9.1994.
7. As the aforesaid recommendation of the Committee was
not being given effect to, the present respondents instituted
another proceeding before the High Court i.e. Writ Petition
No. 21518 of 2000 seeking a direction for their absorption as
Marine Assistant Radio Operators with effect from 8.9.1994.
Specifically, it must be taken note of that in the
aforesaid writ proceeding the Corporation had, inter alia,
contended that there was no requirement of Marine Assistant
Radio Operators in the Southern Region Business Centre
(SRBC) or other regions of the Corporation as there were no
adequate off-shore operations. It was also contended that on
account of the upgraded technology available, there is also
no necessity for the service of a Radio Operator as with the
advancement of technology the users themselves were in a
position to operate the system without the assistance of an
operator.
8. By order dated 2.8.2006 the writ petition was disposed
of with the following findings and operative directions:
"32. Therefore, considering the entire facts and
circumstances of the case in the light of the report
of the committee, recommendation made by the
Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas and the
judgment of the Supreme Court in Air India
Statutory Corporation case, cited supra, I am of the
considered view that the absorption of the
petitioners by the respondent corporation as Junior
Helpers with the pay of Rs.2,282/- old basic bottom
of Class IV cadre was not fair and proper and
certainly not in strict compliance of the
undertaking given by the respondent corporation
before the Supreme Court. On the other hand, I
am of the considered view that the petitioners are
entitled to be absorbed as Marine Assistant Radio
Operators.
33. In the result, the writ petition is allowed as
prayed for. The respondents are directed to
absorb the petitioners as Marine Assistant Radio
Operators with effect from 8.9.1994 on the basis of
the abolition of contract labour and as per the
recommendations dated 4-6-1999 of the Ministry
of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of
India, to the first respondent and the approval of
the competent authority as communicated in the
fax dated 23-9-1999 to the third and fourth
respondents with all monetary benefits and all
other attendant benefits. If for any reason, there is
no cadre of Marine Assistant Radio Operator or
there are no sufficient posts are available in the
cadre of Marine Assistant Radio Operators to
accommodate all the petitioners, the respondents
are directed to give “pay protection” to the
petitioners and sanction them the scale of pay as
applicable to the Marine Assistant Radio Operators
as recommended by the Ministry of Petroleum and
Natural Gas.”
9. The aforesaid order dated 2.8.2006 was challenged by
the Corporation in Writ Appeal No. 1290 of 2006 which was
dismissed on 19.12.2006 with a direction to the Corporation
to implement the order of the learned Single Judge dated
2.8.2006 within a period of four weeks from the date of
receipt of a copy of the order. Two other writ petitions i.e.
W.P. Nos. 27500 of 2006 and 27529 of 2006 seeking similar
relief(s) were also allowed by a separate order of the learned
Single Judge dated 4.4.2007. The aforesaid orders were
challenged before this Court in Civil Appeal Nos. 765 of 2008
and 766-767 of 2008 which were heard alongwith Transfer
Petition (C) No. 889 of 2007 which was filed by similarly
situated persons. By order dated 30.10.2009 all the civil
appeals and the transfer petition were dismissed by this
Court with the following directions :
“We have heard the learned senior counsel
appearing on behalf of the parties.
Learned counsel appearing for the parties
have taken us to various documents and
pleadings. On consideration of the totality of the
facts and circumstances of this case, in our
opinion, no case has been made out for our
interference under our extraordinary jurisdiction
under Article 136 of the Constitution of India.
These appeals are accordingly dismissed.
However, as prayed for by the learned senior
counsel appearing on behalf of the appellants, we
direct the appellant Oil & Natural Gas Corporation
to implement the orders within three months.
Transfer Petition (Civil) No. 889 of 2007
In view of our order passed in the Civil
Appeals above-mentioned, no orders are
necessary in the transfer petition. The transfer
petition is disposed of.”
10. Alleging non-implementation and disobedience of the
order dated 2.8.2006 passed in W.P. No. 21518 of 2000 as
affirmed by order dated 19.12.2006 in Writ Appeal No. 1290
of 2006 and order dated 30.10.2009 passed in Civil Appeal
No.765 of 2008, Contempt Petition (C) No. 161 of 2010 was
filed before the High Court wherein the impugned direction
for creation of supernumerary posts of Marine Assistant
Radio Operator was made by the order dated 19.1.2012. The
said order has been affirmed by a Division Bench of the High
Court by the impugned order dated 11.7.2002. Aggrieved,
the present appeal has been filed.
11. At this stage, it may be necessary to take note of two
other Contempt Petition Nos. 141 of 2010 and 343 of 2010
which had been instituted in the High Court against the
similar order dated 4.4.2007 passed in Writ Petition Nos.
27500 and 27529 of 2006 which order had also been
affirmed by this Court in the connected civil appeals i.e. Civil
Appeal Nos.766-767 of 2008, as already noticed. Regard
must also be had to Contempt Petition (C) No. 130 of 2010
filed before this Court by similarly situated persons in respect
of the order dated 30.10.2009 passed in Transfer Petition (C)
No. 889 of 2007.
12. Insofar as Contempt Petition (C) Nos. 141 and 343 of
2010 are concerned, the same has been dismissed by the
High Court by its order dated 31.8.2010 holding that no case
of commission of contempt is made out. Contempt Petition
No. 130 of 2010 before this Court was ordered to be closed in
view of the averments made in an affidavit dated 9.3.2011
filed on behalf of the Corporation. Paras 6 and 7 of the said
affidavit would require to be taken note of and are being
extracted below.
“6. I say that since there is no vacant post in the
cadre of Assistant Marine Radio Operator in the
Southern Region (to which region the Respondents
in Civil Appeal Nos. 765-767 of 2008 before this
Hon’ble Court belonged and to which region the
Petitioners in the present Contempt Petition
belong) and, no vacancy in the post of Assistant
Marine Radio Operator in the Southern Region has
arisen after the order and judgment dated
2.8.2006 of the Ld. Single Judge in Writ Petition
No. 21518 of 2000, the respondents in the said
Appeal could not be accommodated in the post of
Assistant Marine Radio Operator. Consequently,
until such vacancies arise and, in accordance with
the direction issued by the Ld. Single Judge of the
High Court (and upheld by this Hon’ble Court),
Respondent No. 1took the following steps :
(i) deployed the respondents in Civil Appeal
No. 765/2008, who formed a separate
protected class, as Supernumerary
Helpers in the scale of pay applicable to
Assistant Marine Radio Operators, so
that they are not rendered idle.
(ii) gave “pay protection” to the said
respondents for the pay drawn by
Assistant Marine Radio Operator from
the date of their absorption, i.e.
08.09.1994.
(iii) paid them the difference between the
“protected pay” and the pay previously
drawn by them as Junior Helpers from
the date of their absorption on
08.09.1994.
7. I say that even as on date there is no vacancy
in the post of Assistant Marine Radio Operator
(Southern Region). However, since the Petitioners
herein have sought to be treated at par with the
Respondents in Civil Appeal No. 765 of 2008,
Respondent No. 1 is prepared to, in order to give a
quietus to the matter extend to the Petitioners the
same treatment and benefits aforesaid extended
to the Respondents in Civil Appeal No. 765 of 2008
with effect from the date of their absorption i.e.
with effect from 18.2.1998, as has been prayed for
by the Petitioners in the Writ Petition filed by them
in the High Court of Judicature of Andhra Pradesh.”
13. The question that arises in the present appeal, in the
backdrop of the facts noted above, is whether the appellants
who are the officers of the Corporation and had complied
with the alternative direction contained in the order dated
2.8.2006 passed in Writ Petition (C) No. 21518 of 2000 would
still be liable for commission of contempt and the only way in
which the appellants can purge themselves of the contempt
allegedly committed is by creation of supernumerary posts of
Marine Assistant Radio Operators. An answer to the above
question centres around the contours of the power of the
Court while exercising its contempt jurisdiction.
14. We have heard Shri Goolam E. Vahanvati, learned
Attorney General for the appellants and Shri P.P. Rao,
learned senior counsel for the respondents.
15. The learned Attorney General has urged that the
question of the very necessity of having/continuing the posts
of Marine Assistant Radio Operators in the Corporation was a
live issue in Writ Petition No. 21518 of 2000 as the
Corporation had contended that the work requirement of the
Corporation did not justify the continuation of the post in the
cadre of Marine Assistant Radio Operators, particularly, in the
SRCB where the Corporation was not engaged in any offshore
operation. It is urged that in the light of the stand
taken by the Corporation, the option/alternative direction of
granting parity of pay to the respondents was issued. It is
not in dispute that the Corporation had complied with the
said direction. In a situation where the operational
requirements of the Corporation did not justify the retention
of the posts of Marine Assistant Radio Operators any further,
its officers cannot be faulted for not creating supernumerary
posts of Marine Assistant Radio Operators and instead
creating posts of Junior Helpers to accommodate the
respondents and thereafter giving them protection/parity of
pay in terms of the option granted by the High Court. The
learned Attorney has further submitted that there being no
direction for creation of posts of Marine Assistant Radio
Operators in the order dated 2.8.2006 it was beyond the
power of the learned Judge, hearing the Contempt Petition,
to issue such a direction. The said error, being apparent,
ought to have been corrected in the appeal filed before the
High Court. The order of the Division Bench dated 11.7.2012
impugned in the present appeal is, therefore, open to
interference in the present appeal.
14. On the other hand Shri P.P. Rao, learned senior counsel
appearing for the respondents has contended that an
obligation to create supernumerary posts of Marine Assistant
Radio Operator is mandated by the very terms of the Order
dated 02.08.2006 passed in Writ Petition No. 21518 of 2000.
Shri Rao has contended that when supernumerary posts of
Junior Helpers have been created and parity of pay with the
higher post has been granted it is difficult to conceive why
supernumerary posts of Marine Assistant Radio Operator
were not created in order to fully comply with the Order of
the High Court. It is also pointed out that it is evident from
the provisions of the relevant Regulations governing the
service conditions of the respondents i.e. Oil and Natural Gas
Corporation Ltd. i.e. Modified Recruitment and Promotion
Regulations, 1980, that had the respondents been absorbed
as Marine Assistant Radio Operators they would have earned
promotions under the Regulations which avenues stand
closed due to their absorption in the post of Junior Helper.
Shri Rao has also referred to the correspondence exchanged
between the Corporation and the Ministry of Petroleum and
Natural Gas, Government of India, which is available on
record, to show that there existed/exists a cadre of Marine
Assistant Radio Operator and the strength of the cadre
depends on the necessity of the operations of the
Corporation. The cadre strength is flexible depending on the
job requirement, it is urged. Shri Rao, therefore, has
contended that the action taken by the appellants in
purported compliance of the Court’s Order dated 02.08.2006
would still make them liable for contempt which can be
purged only by creation of posts of Marine Assistant Radio
Operator, as directed by the High Court.
15. The power vested in the High Courts as well as this
Court to punish for contempt is a special and rare power
available both under the Constitution as well as the
Contempt of Courts Act, 1971. It is a drastic power which, if
misdirected, could even curb the liberty of the individual
charged with commission of contempt. The very nature of
the power casts a sacred duty in the Courts to exercise the
same with the greatest of care and caution. This is also
necessary as, more often than not, adjudication of a
contempt plea involves a process of self determination of the
sweep, meaning and effect of the order in respect of which
disobedience is alleged. Courts must not, therefore, travel
beyond the four corners of the order which is alleged to have
been flouted or enter into questions that have not been dealt
with or decided in the judgment or the order violation of
which is alleged. Only such directions which are explicit in a
judgment or order or are plainly self evident ought to be
taken into account for the purpose of consideration as to
whether there has been any disobedience or willful violation
of the same. Decided issues cannot be reopened; nor the
plea of equities can be considered. Courts must also ensure
that while considering a contempt plea the power available
to the Court in other corrective jurisdictions like review or
appeal is not trenched upon. No order or direction
supplemental to what has been already expressed should be
issued by the Court while exercising jurisdiction in the
domain of the contempt law; such an exercise is more
appropriate in other jurisdictions vested in the Court, as
noticed above. The above principles would appear to be the
cumulative outcome of the precedents cited at the bar,
namely, Jhareswar Prasad Paul and Another vs. Tarak
Nath Ganguly and Others3, V.M.Manohar Prasad vs. N.
Ratnam Raju and Another4, Bihar Finance Service
House Construction Cooperative Society Ltd. vs.
3 (2002) 5 SCC 352
4 (2004) 13 SCC 610
Gautam Goswami and Others5 and Union of India and
Others vs. Subedar Devassy PV6.
16. Applying the above settled principles to the case before
us, it is clear that the direction of the High Court for creation
of supernumerary posts of Marine Assistant Radio Operator
cannot be countenanced. Not only the Courts must act with
utmost restraint before compelling the executive to create
additional posts, the impugned direction virtually amounts to
supplementing the directions contained in the order of the
High Court dated 02.8.2006. The alterative direction i.e. to
grant parity of pay could very well have been occasioned by
the stand taken by the Corporation with regard to the
necessity of keeping in existence the cadre itself in view of
the operational needs of the Corporation. If despite the
specific stand taken by the Corporation in this regard the
High Court was of the view that the respondents should be
absorbed as Marine Assistant Radio Operator nothing
prevented the High Court from issuing a specific direction to
create supernumerary posts of Marine Assistant Radio
5 (2008) 5 SCC 339
6 (2006) 1 SCC 613
Operator. The same was not done. If that be so, the
direction to create supernumerary posts at the stage of
exercise of the contempt jurisdiction has to be understood to
be an addition to the initial order passed in the Writ Petition.
The argument that such a direction is implicit in the order
dated 02.08.2006 is self defeating. Neither, is such a course
of action open to balance the equities, i.e. not to foreclose
the promotional avenues of the petitioners, as vehemently
urged by Shri Rao. The issue is one of jurisdiction and not of
justification. Whether the direction issued would be justified
by way of review or in exercise of any other jurisdiction is an
aspect that does not concern us in the present case. Of
relevance is the fact that an alternative direction had been
issued by the High Court by its order dated 02.08.2006 and
the appellants, as officers of the Corporation, have complied
with the same. They cannot be, therefore, understood to
have acted in willful disobedience of the said order of the
Court. All that was required in terms of the second direction
having been complied with by the appellants, we are of the
view that the order dated 02.08.2006 passed in W.P. No.
21518 of 2000 stands duly implemented. Consequently, we
set aside the Order dated 19.01.2012 passed in Contempt
Petition No. 161 of 2010, as well as the impugned order
dated 11.07.2012 passed in Contempt Appeal No.2 of 2012
and allow the present appeal.
...…………………………CJI.
[P. SATHASIVAM]
.........………………………J.
[RANJAN GOGOI]
…..........……………………J.
[SHIVA KIRTI SINGH]
NEW DELHI,
FEBRUARY 4, 2014.
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