The principles of precedential law for grant of anti- suit injunction against the party from proceeding in another jurisdiction are set out in terms of these fundamental, salubrious
jurisprudential principles.
12. We may refer to and be guided by the latest decision in the om
case of Modi Entertainment Network & Anr. Vs. W.S.G. Cricket PTE. Ltd. AIR 2003 SC 1177 in which the Supreme Court has set out the above principles in paragraph 28, the relevant ones being thus (the remainder being applicable to B
commercial contracts only):
"28. From the above discussion the following principles emerge:
(1) In exercising discretion to grant an anti-suit injunction the court must be satisfied of the following aspects:-
(a) the defendant, against whom injunction is sought, is amenable to the personal jurisdiction of the court;
(b) if the injunction is declined the ends of justice will be defeated and injustice will be
perpetuated; and
( c ) the principle of comity - respect of the court in which the commencement or continuance of
action/proceeding is sought to be restrained - must be borne in mind;
(2) in a case where more forums than one are
available, the Court in exercise of its discretion to grant anti-suit injunction will examine as to which is
the appropriate forum (Forum conveniens) having regard to the convenience of the parties and may grant anti-suit injunction in regard to proceedings which are
oppressive or vexations or in a forum non-conveniens; (3) .....
(4) a court of natural jurisdiction will not normally grant anti-suit injunction against a defendant before it
where parties have agreed to submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of a court including a foreign court,
(5) .....
(6) .....
(7) the burden of establishing that the forum of the B
choice is a forum non-conveniens or the proceedings therein are oppressive or vexatious would be on the party so contending to aver and prove the same".
Bombay High Court
Sandip Shankarlal Kedia vs C on 29 April, 2013
Bench: R. S. Dalvi
1. The petitioner husband has challenged the order dated 28 th February, 2013 of the Principal Judge, Family Court, Mumbai om
allowing an application of the respondent wife for injunction restraining her husband from pursuing case No. 65 of 2012 filed by him in Dubai Court for divorce and custody of child and other incidental reliefs and from filing any further proceedings in that B
Court. It is, therefore, an application popularly called an application for anti-suit injunction.
2. The parties have been married since long. They have a child, 7 years old.
::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:08 ::: 2 WP.2636/2013-judgment
3. The wife has claimed cruelty and harassment at the hands of her husband due to which she claims to have been rt
constrained to have taken the child to Dubai for bringing him up in a congenial atmosphere. This has been since July, 2010. The ou
husband has claimed that this was a malafide action to deprive him of the custody and access to his son and constrained him to C
file a Habeaus corpus Petition, the orders in which came to be breached. After the parties litigated in this Court and the Supreme Court, since the child was by then in Dubai, the h
husband claims that he was constrained to go to Dubai to take ig
access to his child. Access has been provided on certain dates as per certain past orders. The child has continued to live in Dubai. H
4. The husband has also obtained a residence visa in Dubai. He is shown to be a perfume salesman there. The husband, y
however, has a number of family businesses in Mumbai. The ba
wife has shown that he essentially lives in Mumbai and visits Dubai at times.
om
5. Both the parties are Indian Nationals.
6. Both the parties have filed various proceedings in Dubai as B
well as in Mumbai and thereafter appeals therefrom. The main litigation between the parties are in respect of judicial separation claimed by the wife in Mumbai and divorce claimed by the husband in Dubai. They both have consistently agitated in respect of their child also. The wife has custody and the husband has claimed access in India. The husband has thereafter claimed ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:08 ::: 3 WP.2636/2013-judgment what is called the travel-ban order against the child. The husband claims that that was because the wife initially took the rt
child away from Mumbai to Dubai and constrained the husband to sue up to the Supreme Court to obtain access to the child. ou
When that was through, she sought to remove the child from Dubai. The travel-ban order has allowed the child to be in Dubai C
and the husband to claim access to the child in Dubai. The wife has moved various applications for lifting the travel-ban order, several of which have been refused. After at least 5 such h
attempts, an order was granted for allowing the child to come to ig
India, but was sought to be taken instead to Thailand which act came to be averted just in time. The husband, therefore, claims H
to be justified in procuring the travel-ban order, which the wife claims to be impinching her freedom of travel and consequently her life and liberty.
y
ba
7. The jurisdiction of the Mumbai Court in respect of the wife's petition for judicial separation has been confirmed; that om
petition would go on in Mumbai. The wife has challenged the jurisdiction of the Court in Dubai in respect of the husband's petition for divorce and has filed the anti-suit injunction application which has come to be granted under the impugned B
order.
8. The parameters of the grant of such injunction would have to be considered upon the law relating to injunctions under the CPC being Order 39 Rule 1 and Section 151 of the CPC as also Section 41(a) of the Specific Relief Act, 1963. ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:08 ::: 4 WP.2636/2013-judgment
9. It is settled law that injunction is a discretionary remedy. rt
It is granted for protection of the rights of parties in personam as also against their properties. Such injunction cannot be granted ou
specifically under the circumstances set out in Section 41 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963, the first of which is to prevent parties C
from suing in other forums except when it would result in multiplicity of proceedings as to be counter productive to both the parties entailing needless costs, expenses and time. It is also h
established that Courts would act in exercising their inherent ig
powers in the interest of justice to grant injunctions. An anti- suit injunction application would fall only under the inherent H
power of the Court and is consequently covered by precedent law.
y
10. When parties have been in different jurisdictions, more ba
specially in different international forums, Courts have refrained themselves from exercising the jurisdiction to restrain parties om
from proceeding in another forum as such an injunction would be not only against the party in person, but against another Court which may otherwise be a competent Court to exercise jurisdiction upon the party himself/herself or the properties of B
the parties. The Courts have also restrained themselves from exercising such jurisdiction in what are essentially known as "reciprocal territories", in which the laws governing parties are consistent with the laws in India, more specifically common law jurisdictions, since the Indian jurisdiction is essentially based upon common law. The constitutional framework of India ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:09 ::: 5 WP.2636/2013-judgment enshrining an egalitarian society maintaining the rights and dignity of all human beings equally would be consistent with rt
those jurisdictions. Further the principles of private international laws settling the law with regard to the proper law ou
governing those parties are always adhered to and respected. It may at once be mentioned that those jurisdictions are also the C
ones internationally following the common law principles and the doctrines of equality of all human beings. h
11. Conversely, therefore, those countries and territories which ig
do not follow the principles of equality, egalitarianism and dignity of all human beings are not taken to be "reciprocal H
territories". The principles of precedential law for grant of anti- suit injunction against the party from proceeding in another jurisdiction are set out in terms of these fundamental, salubrious y
jurisprudential principles.
ba
12. We may refer to and be guided by the latest decision in the om
case of Modi Entertainment Network & Anr. Vs. W.S.G. Cricket PTE. Ltd. AIR 2003 SC 1177 in which the Supreme Court has set out the above principles in paragraph 28, the relevant ones being thus (the remainder being applicable to B
commercial contracts only):
"28. From the above discussion the following principles emerge:
(1) In exercising discretion to grant an anti-suit injunction the court must be satisfied of the following aspects:-
(a) the defendant, against whom injunction is ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:09 ::: 6 WP.2636/2013-judgment sought, is amenable to the personal jurisdiction of the court;
rt
(b) if the injunction is declined the ends of justice will be defeated and injustice will be ou
perpetuated; and
( c ) the principle of comity - respect of the court in which the commencement or continuance of C
action/proceeding is sought to be restrained - must be borne in mind;
(2) in a case where more forums than one are h
available, the Court in exercise of its discretion to grant anti-suit injunction will examine as to which is ig
the appropriate forum (Forum conveniens) having regard to the convenience of the parties and may grant anti-suit injunction in regard to proceedings which are H
oppressive or vexations or in a forum non-conveniens; (3) .....
y
(4) a court of natural jurisdiction will not normally grant anti-suit injunction against a defendant before it ba
where parties have agreed to submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of a court including a foreign court, .... om
(5) .....
(6) .....
(7) the burden of establishing that the forum of the B
choice is a forum non-conveniens or the proceedings therein are oppressive or vexatious would be on the party so contending to aver and prove the same".
13. Consequently in that case where the jurisdiction of English Courts was invoked which was held to be the forum of the choice of the parties, the Court refrained from passing any injunction restraining the respondent from proceeding in such ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:09 ::: 7 WP.2636/2013-judgment Court. The Supreme Court held that such a power should be exercised sparingly because the injunction though directed rt
against a person, would in effect cause interference in the exercise of jurisdiction by another Court having regard to the ou
rule of comity/respect in the court in which the proceedings were commenced.
C
The court considered the law laid down in the case of Oil and Natural gas Commission Vs. Western Company of North h
America MANU/SC/0014/1987: [1987] 1SCR 1024 in which ig
the parameters were specifically laid down. Hence only when it was necessary or expedient, when the ends of justice required H
and when the action in a foreign court would be oppressive, the Court would sparingly and in rare cases exercise its jurisdiction to grant the order of injunction. In that case when Indian Courts y
had exclusive jurisdiction upon parties being governed by the ba
Indian law, Indian Arbitration Act and the American Court had no jurisdiction, holding that it would cause serious prejudice to om
allow a party to violate the very Arbitration Clauses on the basis of which an award came to be passed which was sought to be enforced, an anti-suit injunction came to be granted. B
In the same judgment the Court also considered the view taken by the House of Lords in England upon similar principles laid down by English Courts in the case of Airbus Industries GIE Vs. Patel & Ors. (1998) 2 All ER 257 wherein it was observed that proceedings in a foreign jurisdiction could be allowed to proceed upon principles of comity and not where the ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:09 ::: 8 WP.2636/2013-judgment conduct of the foreign state in exercising jurisdiction was such as to deprive it of the respect normally required by comity. rt
Similarly it was observed that this jurisdiction would be exercised and injunction would be granted upon seeing lack of ou
comity only when the English forum would have sufficient interest in, or connection with, the matter in question to justify C
the indirect interference with the foreign Court which such injunction entailed. Hence the further principle judicially set out is the principle of seeing the interest and connection of the h
parties and the subject matter of the suit by the Court granting the injunction.
ig
H
14. It is based upon these settled principles with which this Court is governed that the case of the parties upon a case aforestated must be considered to grant or refuse the injunction. y
The learned Judge in the impugned order having done so, ba
interference, if any, required to be granted would be upon revisiting the above principles as applied to the facts of this om
case.
15. It may bear repetition to say that parties, Indian nationals, settled in Mumbai, had disputes in Mumbai between themselves B
and with regard to their child several years after their marriage. This is the case in which the wife who has sought injunction has herself relocated in Dubai. She states that she was constrained to leave India due to harassment of the husband. However she chose no other place in India, but chose to settle outside the jurisdiction of Indian Courts. It is thereafter that the husband ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:09 ::: 9 WP.2636/2013-judgment has also relocated in Dubai. The wife's contention that the act is malafide would have to be accepted after a good deal of rt
thought. The wife's case of showing the husband having various businesses in India and being only a salesman abroad would ou
prima facie run counter to such an intention; the husband has sought to follow the wife where she was despite business odds. C
Nevertheless it must be appreciated that the husband has not gone to Dubai only to take access to his child which, upon the child having been relocated, he was certainly constrained to do. h
The husband could well have taken access there and thereafter ig
sued in India, being the Family Court in Mumbai, for claiming further rights for access and custody as also for claiming divorce H
from his wife. The parties being Indian Nationals, domiciled in India, having been married in India and having had their last matrimonial home in Mumbai where they resided together were y
certainly within the jurisdiction of the Courts in Mumbai. That ba
has been so held in the wife's petition for judicial separation. om
16. The parties have never resided together in Dubai. It is only upon the wife's residence in Dubai that the petition in Dubai could have been and is filed by the husband. It would otherwise be convenient for the wife to defend in the place or B
the country where she was then resident. She is indeed habitually resident in Dubai. She has various businesses in Dubai. She is a Director of 3 companies in Dubai. In earlier applications she is shown to have expressed not only pleasure and satisfaction, but convenience of being in that country. It is indeed the country of her choice for her residence, if not for her ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:09 ::: 10 WP.2636/2013-judgment domicile and nationality. The husband could not have been prevented from suing her for any relief where she resided. rt
Indeed it is one of the principles of jurisdiction of Courts in India to see where the party resides and carries on business to confer ou
jurisdiction upon that Court. This is more pronounced in cases relating to wives in matrimonial matters for which statutory C
provisions have been made.
17. What is the material and substantial contention of the wife h
is that she has not submitted herself to the jurisdiction of the ig
country where she has herself chosen to live and carry on business and the principles of law applicable to parties in that H
jurisdiction is diametrically different from the laws governing the parties in India and to which she claims her right to be entitled by virtue of being an Indian citizen and national, so that y
the proceedings in that country albeit under the Indian Law ba
governing the parties, is claimed to be oppressive. om
18. Indeed it is common knowledge, and will be more specifically detailed presently, that the system of governance of laws in Dubai is not based upon the common law system and upon the constitution enshrining equality inter alia between wife B
and husband. Dubai (United Arab Emirates (UAE)) is governed by the Sheri'a law under Article 7 of its constitution, which run thus:
Article 7
"Islam is the official religion of the Federation and ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:09 ::: 11 WP.2636/2013-judgment the Muslim shari'a is a main source of its legislation. Arabic is the official language of the Federation." rt
19. Yet matters such as the present case are governed in ou
Dubai, UAE by the Personal Status Law which is the substantive personal law governing the Courts and the Civil Transactions C
Law which inter alia relates to contracts and procedural matters passed in 2005 and 1985 respectively. h
20. The learned Judge in the impugned order has considered ig
the basic aspects of the laws applicable there and has apprehended a situation of conflict which, if arisen, would be H
oppressive upon the wife who applied for an anti-suit injunction and would be against the interest of the parties. It is contended on behalf of the husband that the learned Judge has not y
specifically considered which law would be in conflict with the ba
law governing the parties and hence the conclusion of the learned Judge cannot be left uninterfered. It, therefore, falls om
upon this Court to go through and consider the laws inter alia relating to the divorce between the parties as also custody and access to their child which are the main reliefs claimed by them. It may at once be mentioned that if the substantive law is B
substantially the same in both the countries there would be no question of granting an anti-suit injunction to a party who has herself chosen to reside and carry on business in such foreign jurisdiction even upon the constraint that she claims. It may also be mentioned that had it been only a litigation with regard to her own personal rights being a litigation only for divorce, the ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:09 ::: 12 WP.2636/2013-judgment question would never arise to grant an injunction to her. rt
21. The relevant provisions of the Personal Status Law applicable to parties in the UAE and which would be applicable ou
to the parties herein is shown as Federal Law No.28 of 2005 concerning personal status. The various articles thereunder are C
translated as follows to which my attention is drawn by two sets of translations both of which are seen together and may be appreciated as follows:
h
ig
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 1
H
(1) the provisions of this law shall apply to divorce attestations and divorce Law Suits ... y
(2) the provisions of this law shall apply to citizens of ba
UAE unless the non-Muslims of them have special provisions applicable to their sect and denomination (community or confession).
om
The provisions shall equally apply to non-citizens unless one of them asks for applications of his law. B
The parties in this case are non-citizens. The provisions of the Personal Status Law would apply to them as much as to citizens unless either of them applies for the application of his/her own law. In this case the parties have applied and have a right to apply under the Hindu Marriage Act,1955(HMA) and the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act,1956 (HMGA). ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:09 ::: 13 WP.2636/2013-judgment The argument on behalf of the husband that the law rt
recognises the rights of minorities (non-muslims) is, indeed correct. ou
Whether the law is liberal enough even if applied to the parties, such that it would not be wholly inconsistent with the C
Indian law applicable to the parties would have to be seen from further articles.
Article 2
h
ig
(1) The principles and rules of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) shall be referred to and consulted for understanding, H
interpretation and construing the legal provisions of this law
.
Hence in applying the Personal Status law, principles of y
Islamic jurisprudence would have to be referred to and consulted. ba
Consequently it is argued on behalf of the wife that even whilst applying the HMA under Article 1(2) of the Personal Status Law om
the principles of Islamic jurisprudence would have to be referred to. Those principles are the sheri'a law under Article 7 of the Constitution which is the main source of the legislation in the UAE. B
That would, however, not be applied to the parties, but referred to for understanding and interpreting its provisions . (2) The provisions of this law shall apply to all the matters dealt with therein. The doctrinal school of thought from which these matters are derived shall be consulted for the provisions of interpretation and completion of their provisions. ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:09 ::: 14 WP.2636/2013-judgment (3) In the absence of text in this law the judgment shall be rt
given in accordance with the doctrines of Imams - Malik, Ahmed, Shafie and Abu Hanifa.
ou
Consequently once the Personal Status Law applies, the C
Islamic Doctrines of Muslim Scholars, which would be analogus to sheri'a law, would not apply.
h
However to parties herein, who are non-citizens, their own ig
law would apply if either of them asks for application of his law. The husband has applied under the HMA. Even otherwise, the wife H
can ask for application of the Indian Law with regard to personal status.
Article 4
y
ba
Matters for which no provision is contained herein shall be subject to the provisions of the Civil Procedures Law and the law om
of Evidence in Civil and Commercial Transactions. These relate to procedural matters analogous to our CPC and B
the Indian Evidence Act. This relates to a special law "the civil transactions law" and would show and suggest that evidence is led in that country under another law which shall be dealt with presently.
Article 16
Actions concerning personal status matters shall be heard ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:09 ::: 15 WP.2636/2013-judgment by the Court only after they have been submitted to the Family Orientation Committee (Family Guidance Committee) except rt
matters concerning wills, inheritance, summary cases, law status concerning alimony, fostering (custody), guardianship as well as ou
cases which cannot be settled by conciliation such as evidence of marriage or divorce.
C
Hence the petition for divorce would have to be first filed before the Family Guidance Committee. It has been done so in this h
case by the husband which aspect shall be considered presently. ig
(Refer also Article 117(2) which deals with divorce upon proof of prejudice / dissension which is granted after reconciliation H
fails.)
GENERAL PROVISIONS OF MARRIAGE
y
ba
Article 19
om
Marriage is a contract that legitimates enjoyment between spouses; its aim is protection and forming a steady family (a stable family) under husband's care on grounds that enable the B
spouse the assumption of its charges with affection and compassion.
It is contended by the Counsel on behalf of the wife that this is different from a Hindu Marriage which a sacrament. It would have to be seen whether that would matter in the ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:09 ::: 16 WP.2636/2013-judgment case or grant of divorce on the principles for such grant under the applicable law which is the HMA. rt
Article 33
ou
A tutor (guardian) must be a male, sound in mind, major, C
not prohibited on account of pilgrimage and Muslim if the tutorship (guardianship) is to be given to or over a Muslim. h
A guardian of a child under the Personal Status Law is only ig
a male. He would be a father and failing him another male. The further persons who would be guardians shall be considered H
presently. The mother is never appointed guardian of a child. She only has custody of a child up to specified age which shall also be considered presently.
y
ba
This position of law is indeed different from the law in force in India relating to the parties (HMGA). It would have to be seen om
whether that would matter in view of the other provisions which shall be considered presently.
B
MAINTENANCE
Article 63
(1) Alimony (maintenance) includes food, clothing, dwelling, medical care, a servant for the wife if she is served in her family's house and all what the conjugal relationship requires. ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:09 ::: 17 WP.2636/2013-judgment This is essentially what is covered by the concept of maintenance under various laws (Section 125 of the Cr.P.C, Section rt
18 of the HAMA , Section 24 of the MHA etc) and the precedents in our country.
ou
(2) Maintenance shall be determined according to the C
financial ability of the maintainer and the condition of the dependent (the circumstances of the beneficiary) and the economic situation, in place and time, provided which shall not h
fall below the sufficiency level. ig
Hence it would have to be sufficient based upon the facts and H
circumstances of the case.
(3) In adjudging alimonies of all kinds, fostering and dwelling y
charges and all conditions on which it depends (adjudging all ba
these depends) an eye witnessing (inspection certificate) shall be sufficient.
om
This is a mode of computing maintenance based upon the certificate issued by a person seeing particular facts and B
circumstances. It is much like the oral and documentary evidence relied upon by our Courts to determine the amount of maintenance.
WIFE'S ALIMONY
Article 66
The wife shall deserve alimony from her husband under ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:09 ::: 18 WP.2636/2013-judgment the valid contract if she yields herself to him even if by a judgment. (See Article 71 alongside this article). rt
Under Section 25 of the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance ou
Act permanent alimony and maintenance is granted to a husband or wife taking into account the income and the other property of C
both the parties, the conduct of the parties and other circumstances of the case as the Court may deem just. The aforesaid is one of such circumstances.
h
ig Article 67
H
The wife's alimony shall start from the date the husband abstains from supporting her. It shall be considered a debt due from him independently of a court judgment or an agreement y
(mutual consent). It shall not be forfeited (extinguished) except ba
by payment or discharge. (absolution). om
Actions for claiming alimony for a previous period exceeding three years from the date of filing the action shall not be heard unless it is imposed by agreement (mutual consent). B
This is much the same as in our law. Article 68
The Judge may upon the wife's request, order to pay her a temporary (provisional) alimony. His decision shall be executed summarily and by force of law.
::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:09 ::: 19 WP.2636/2013-judgment This is also much the same as interim maintenance in our law.
rt
Article 71
ou
The wife shall forfeit her alimony in the following cases: (1) If she denies herself to her husband or refuses to move to C
the legal conjugal house without a legitimate cause (lawful excuse).
h
(2) If she abandons the conjugal house without a legitimate cause.
ig
H
(3) If she prevents her husband from entering the conjugal house without a legitimate cause. y
(4) If she refuses to travel without her husband without a ba
legitimate cause.
om
(5) If a judgment or decision is passed by the court restricting her freedom because of a right not concerning the husband and is being executed.
B
These are analogous to the conduct of the parties and the other circumstances of the case as the Court deems just under our law relating to alimony.
Article 72
(1) The wife may leave her house (matrimonial home) in ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:09 ::: 20 WP.2636/2013-judgment cases permitted by law, usage (custom) or for a necessity, without being considered a breach of due obedience. rt
This is in consonance with the right of separate residence of ou
a woman in our law without forfeiting her claim to maintenance under the conditions set out under Section 18 of HAMA which is C
subject to the husband's conjugal rights based upon her inchastity under Sub-section 3 thereof.
h
(2) A wife's leaving the house for work shall not be considered ig
a breach (transgression) of duty of obedience if the husband married her while she was working, or if he agrees to her work H
after marriage or if she stipulates this as a condition in the contract (of marriage). The marriage solemnizer (officer) has to verify this condition when the contract is concluded, unless the y
execution of such condition is contrary to the interest of the ba
family.
om
This is also much the same in our law which leaves the discretion of the Court to the circumstances of each case based on the grounds of justice and equity. B
Article 73
The commitment (obligation) to the wife's alimony shall lapse upon:
1. Payment
2. Absolution (discharge)
::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:09 ::: 21 WP.2636/2013-judgment
3. The death unless it has been ordered by Court decision.
rt
This is also much the same in our justice system. ou
Article 74
C
The husband shall prepare his wife a residence in his domicile. The residence shall be suitable for their condition (commensurate with their standing). h
ig
This is also similar under the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (DVA) and our Judge made law. H
Article 75
y
The wife shall live with her husband in the residence he ba
prepares and move with him, except if she stipulates otherwise in the contract (of marriage) or if this movement is intended for om
harming her (or causing her a prejudice). The right of the wife to live with her husband is much the B
same in our system in which prejudice is adjudged upon the facts of each case.
Article 76
(1) The husband shall be entitled to live with the wife [his parents and children] by his other wives if he is commanded to support them in the conjugal house, as long as this shall not ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:09 ::: 22 WP.2636/2013-judgment cause any harm to her.
rt
(2) The wife may not allow her children by another husband to live with her in the conjugal house except they do not have ou
another custodian than her, or if they will suffer harm if they separate from her, or if the husband agrees expressly or C
implicitly, but he may refuse if he suffers any resulting harm. This provision has been relied upon by the Counsel on behalf h
of the wife in a bid to show that Dubai is a male dominated society ig
in which provision for children of other wife is made by law. Aside from the fact that the said provision would not apply to parties in H
this case, the reliance upon this for the purpose of showing male dominance is misconceived as is dominant factor under the rule is not causing harm to the wife. This is emboldened by the following y
article.
ba
Article 77
om
The husband may not allow (accommodate) his other wife to live with his wife in the same house unless she agrees (accepts). She may also refuse if she suffers any resulting harm. B
Though this does not apply to the case of the parties herein it would show a protective atmosphere for the wife under the legal system prevalent in Dubai, since the 2005 Personal Status Law. Article 85
Where there are several persons entitled to maintenance ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:09 ::: 23 WP.2636/2013-judgment and the person requiring to bear the maintenance cannot maintain them all, priority shall be given to the wife's alimony, rt
the parental maintenance, and the relative's maintenance respectively.
ou
This is similar to the principles of our law relating to C
alimony and maintenance.
In fact, the laws applicable to Muslims in India have not h
gone as far as their counterparts in the UAE with regard to ig
protection and care of Muslim wives except as interpreted and applied by the Courts which is analogus to the above provisions. H
The statutes relating to Muslims in India would do well to emulate their UAE brethren since UAE is the focal point of Muslim Personal Laws as much as other matters relating to them. y
ba
SEPARATION / DISSOLUTION OF MARRIAGE om
Article 98
(1) The marriage contract shall be dissolved if it contains an B
impediment contrary to its requirements or if something prevents its legal continuation. (2) Separation shall occur between the spouses by divorce, dissolution or death.
(3) The court shall try to reconcile the spouses before it ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:09 ::: 24 WP.2636/2013-judgment decides separating them.
rt
(4) If a divorced woman marries another man, consummation of marriage shall destroy the repudiations of the previous ou
husband.
C
In this case all that is applicable is that the petition for divorce would dissolve the marriage between the parties. h
DIVORCE BY REPUDIATION
ig
Article 99
H
(i) Divorce is the dissolution of the marriage contract in the legally prescribed form.
y
ba
(ii) Divorce shall occur verbally or in writing, or by an understandable sign in case of inability to express them. om
In our case the divorce would be granted only upon the divorce petition.
B
In this case the husband has petitioned for divorce and hence it would be granted only by the Court. Article 100
Divorce must occur from the husband, or his specially empowered representative or the wife if the husband grants her ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:09 ::: 25 WP.2636/2013-judgment the authority to divorce.
rt
It is argued that divorce can be taken even by proxy which is repugnant to our system. However that does not matter since in ou
this case the husband has petitioned for divorce under the Hindu Marriage Act, which is the law applicable to the parties. It is also C
argued that the wife has a right to divorce only if the power is granted by the husband and not otherwise which shows the male dominance in the Society. However true that may be, in this case h
the wife has not applied for divorce, but rather seeks to resist it. It ig
would, therefore, have to be seen whether the wife would be entitled to resist divorce under the law prevelent in Dubai. H
Article 110
y
(1) Khul (redemptive divorce) (divorce by agreement) is a ba
contract under which the spouses mutually agree on terminating their marriage contract for some consideration paid by the wife om
or another person.
(2) .....
(3) .....
B
(4) .....
(5) If the husband refuses the Khul due to obstinacy and it is feared that they may not observe the limits ordained by Allah Almighty, the judge shall decide this khul for some proper compensation (against adequate consideration). Hence though husband's consent is otherwise necessary upon ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:09 ::: 26 WP.2636/2013-judgment the request of the wife to be granted divorce or divorce to be granted by khul (mutual consent) if the husband does not consent rt
and if the Judge thinks that it is unreasonable he may grant the divorce to the wife upon the wife's paying adequate consideration ou
therefor.
C
SEPARATION FOR PREJUDICE AND DISSENSION Article 117
h
ig
(1) Both the spouses shall have the right to ask for divorce due to prejudice that makes the continuation of the kind of H
association impossible. They shall not forfeit rights unless their conciliation (reconciliation) is proved. y
This is much the same as divorce proceeding the grounds of ba
desertion and cruelty under Section 13 of the Hindu Marriage Act. Both the spouses have an equal right to apply for divorce under the om
provision analogous to Section 13 of HMA. The impossibility of association would have to be proved. B
(2) The family guidance committee shall try to conciliate the spouses according to Article 16 hereof. If it fails to do so, the judge shall offer them conciliation. If conciliation is impossible and prejudice is proved, divorce shall be granted. This is identical to our system under Sections 5,6 and 9 of the Family Court's Act, 1984 for association with social welfare ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:09 ::: 27 WP.2636/2013-judgment agencies, Counsellors working in consultation with the High Court and the duty of the Family Court to make efforts for settlement. rt
Besides, if reconciliation is not reached, prejudice has to be ou
proved upon which divorce has to be granted. Consequently the proof of dissension and/or cruelty alleged by the husband would be C
the requisite for the grant of divorce in his petition. Article 118
h
ig
(1) If no prejudice is proved but dissension continues between the spouses without the family guidance committee or the Judge H
being able to conciliate them, the Judge shall appoint two arbitrators from their families (among parents) and after asking each spouse to nominate an arbitrator from amongst their y
families (parents or those who have experience or ability to ba
reconcile) no later than the following session, if possible. If either spouses fails to nominate his/her arbitrator or misses the om
sessions (abstain) from attending the hearing) the judgment shall not be appealable.
B
Hence if cruelty is not proved, and desertion continues, a further endeavour is made to conciliate the parties to result in an amicable divorce. However both the parties must try their very best and not absent themselves failing which they would not be entitled to appeal.
::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:09 ::: 28 WP.2636/2013-judgment This is also much like our system which enjoins reconciliation or amicable divorce, but with a greater responsibility rt
of attendance before the Court in the UAE. ou
(2) The judgment passed for appointing two arbitrators shall contain the date of starting and achieving the task, (starting and C
closing dates of assignment) provided that it shall not exceed ninety days. However, the period may be extended by a court decision. The court shall notify the arbitrators and litigants of h
the appointment decision. It shall also ask each arbitrator to ig
take oath (swear) that he shall perform his mission (assignment) justly and honestly (with equity and probity). H
This constitutes a truly expeditious and equitable justice system.
y
Article 119
ba
The two arbitrators shall investigate the causes of om
dissension and exert their efforts to conciliate the spouses. The arbitrators' mission shall not be affected if either spouse refuses to attend (abstains from attending) the arbitration session after B
being informed of the session fixed or the sessions following if they are interrupted.
This reflects an assiduous discipline of work. Article 120
If the arbitrators fail to conciliate the spouses: ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 29 WP.2636/2013-judgment (1) They shall separate the spouses by one irrevocable divorce rt
without prejudice to the conjugal rights resulting from the marriage and divorce if the insult is committed by the husband ou
and separation is claimed by the wife or by both of them. C
(2) If the whole insult is committed by the wife, the arbitrators shall separate them in return for some suitable consideration that the wife can pay.
h
(3) If the insult is shared by the two spouses, the arbitrators ig
shall separate them without any consideration or for some consideration proportional to the insult. H
(4) If the insulting party cannot be identified, the husband's case shall be dismissed if he is the claimant, but if separation is y
claimed by the wife or both of them, they shall be separated by ba
the arbitrators without any consideration. om
This reflects a sound legal position based upon the facts of each case demonstrating justice and equity. Article 121
B
(1) The arbitrators shall submit the Judge their grounded (reasoned) decision containing the extent of insult committed by each spouse against the other.
(2) The Judge shall base (render) his judgment on the ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 30 WP.2636/2013-judgment arbitrators' decision. If they fail to agree, the judge shall appoint other arbitrators or appoint a third as umpire. The court shall rt
ask the new umpire to swear that he shall perform his mission justly and honestly (perform his duties with equity and probity). ou
(3) The Judge shall correct the arbitrators' decision if it C
contravenes the provisions hereof. This further shows a sound system of reconciliation, and h
failing which of adjudication, based upon the report of the ig
arbitrators. That constitutes the procedural system for considering the facts of each case.
H
Article 122
y
In actions filed for divorce due to prejudice, such prejudice ba
shall be proved by the legitimate ways of proof and the adjudications issued against any spouse. om
Hearsay testimonies shall be accepted as the court may decide if a witness testifies that the spouses' married life is well B
known for prejudice.
Hearsay testimonies denying prejudice shall not be heard. The witness testimony shall be heard, whether male or female, except the ancestors' testimony for descendents or the descendents' testimony for ancestors if the witness fulfills the ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 31 WP.2636/2013-judgment legal requirements of testimony. rt
This is in consonance with Section 14 of the Family Courts' Act, 1984 which even accepts evidence which is otherwise ou
inadmissible and irrelevant. The witnesses in the case may be both male or female, without distinction. The exception of the C
witness for hearsay evidence is also equitably made. This would show the requirement to leading evidence as per h
the procedure law of the country, the specific requirement of which ig
is set out in the Personal Status Law itself. H
The apprehension of Counsel on behalf of the wife that there is no evidence whatsoever in the system is, therefore, erroneous. Evidence of the nature required in a Family Court proceeding is y
allowed and legislated in the justice system prevailing in Dubai, ba
UAE Courts as much as in Courts in Mumbai, India. om
SEPARATION FOR NON MAINTENANCE
Article 124
B
(1) If the present husband abstains from maintaining his wife without having an apparent financial resource from which obligatory maintenance can be executed within a close period, his wife may ask for separation. (2) If the husband claims that he is financially unable without ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 32 WP.2636/2013-judgment proving his financial inability, the Judge may divorce his wife from him immediately. If he does not claim that he is financially rt
able or unable, or if he claims that he is financially able and insists on not maintaining his wife and his financial inability is ou
proved, the judge shall give him a period not exceeding one month. If he fails to maintain her, the judge shall divorce her C
from him.
This shows the equitable legal position for wives in the h
justice system prevalent in Dubai. ig
SEPARATION FOR ILA'A AND ZIHAR
H
Article 135
While trying the action for forced divorce, the judge shall y
decide the summary measures he deems necessary for ba
guaranteeing the maintenance of the wife and the children, and the matters pertaining to their custody and visitation at the om
request of any of them.
In this case the Judge would decide the custody as well as B
access prayed for by the husband. Such a prayer can be made by either of the spouses in respect of their children. CUSTODY
Article 142
Custody is keeping, bringing up and taking care of the ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 33 WP.2636/2013-judgment child without interfering with the right of the guardian of the person.
rt
Hence though the father alone can be the guardian of the ou
child, the mother can have the custody of the child. C
Under Section 6 of the HAMA the father is the guardian and after him (i.e in his absence) the mother is the guardian. The custody of child of less than 5 years is statutorily required to be h
ordinarily with the mother.
ig Article 143
H
The custodian must be:
(1) of sound mind.
(2) of legal age and major
y
(i3) honest(fidelity)
ba
(4) capable of bringing up, protecting and caring for the child taken in custody (maintenance care). om
(5) safe from dangerous infectious diseases. (6) He shall not have been convicted of any dishonorable crime before.
B
Do we not have impliedly the same eligibility criteria which are considered by our Courts ? The legislature has itself made succinct provisions in the UAE.
Article 144
In addition to the above conditions, the custodian: ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 34 WP.2636/2013-judgment (1) If she is a woman:
(a) must not be married to a foreign husband who has rt
consummated marriage with her unless the court decides otherwise for the interest of the child. ou
(b) must unite with the child in religion subject to the C
provisions of Article 145 hereof. Interest of the child is, therefore, paramount as in one legal h
system.
ig Article 145
H
If the custodian is a mother embracing another religion than the child's, she shall forfeit the right to custody unless the judge decides otherwise for the child's interest, provided that her y
custodial period shall not exceed the time he completes five ba
years, whether male or female.
om
Even in rare cases,the interest of the child prevails. Article 146
B
(1) The right to the child's custody shall be awarded to his mother, then to mahram women, provided that maternal relatives shall have precedence over paternal relatives, that the closest relative on the two sides shall be considered except the father in the following order, and that the judge shall consider the child's interest when he decides this right: ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 35 WP.2636/2013-judgment (A) The mother
(B) The father
rt
(C ) The mother's mother however high in lineage. (D) The father's mother however high in lineage. .... ou
(E),(F) & (G)...(not applicable, but detailed relationships). C
(6) The mother shall have the right of her children's custody in case of a dispute over the custody unless the judge decided otherwise for the child's interest. h
ig
This sets at rest the apprehension of the wife that the society in Dubai is male dominated and the women's role is only for H
rearing the child.
Indeed the interest of the child and the welfare of the child y
would be the consideration for the Court in keeping the custody of ba
the child with the mother as has always been in one country. om
Article 148
(1) It shall be the duty of the child's father and his guardians B
to handle his affairs, correct, guide and educate him. (2) The person responsible for paying the child's maintenance shall pay the rent of the child's custodian unless the custodian owns a residence where she dwells or that is designated for her dwelling.
(3) The custodian shall not deserve a custodian's wage if she is a wife of the child's father...... ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 36 WP.2636/2013-judgment The duties of the father is much the same as is expected of rt
the father of the Indian justice system for considering the circumstances of the case before the Court. It is not in derogation ou
of the right of the child to his/her own interest and welfare. C
Article 149
The custodian may not take the child for travel outside the h
state without the written consent of the guardian of the person. ig
If the guardian abstains from approving, the matter shall be referred to the Judge.
H
It is this rule to which the wife has taken exception. The husband has obtained a travel-ban order. The husband has y
submitted that that was required in the circumstances of this case ba
in which the wife took away the child out of the jurisdiction of this Court despite the order of the Court constraining him to go to om
Dubai to take access to his child and thereafter to reside there to continue to take access. It has been his case also that the wife unsuccessfully tried a number of times to revoke the travel-ban B
order and sought to misuse the order ultimately passed in that behalf. The Court would require to see the facts of the case based upon which the order in that behalf would be passed. It may be mentioned that if it is justified in the facts of the case such order would be passed even by Courts in India if it is seen to be in the interest and welfare of the child so that the child would not be deprived of the father's company. ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 37 WP.2636/2013-judgment Article 150
rt
(1) The mother may not take her child for travel or move him from the conjugal house during the existence of a conjugal ou
relation (wedlock) or during the revocable divorce (refractable repudiation) waiting period without his father's written consent. C
(2) After irrevocable divorce, the mother may move with the child to another city within the state unless such movement h
affects the child's education or causes harm to the father or ig
makes him suffer unusual hardship or costs for visiting the child. H
The travel-ban, therefore, would apply only pending the divorce petition. Once the petition is disposed of on its own merits the Court would pass an order relating to the travel of the child y
taking into consideration the visitation rights of the father. That ba
would not cause prejudice to either party. om
Hence what the mother considers unduly oppressive and an inequitable position would be extended only until the mother herself resists the divorce petition without having it heard on B
merits in the Court in which it is filed. Article 151
(1) If the custodian is another person than the mother, she may not take child for travel without his guardian's written consent.
::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 38 WP.2636/2013-judgment (2) No guardian, father or otherwise, may take the child for rt
travel in the custody period without the written consent of his custodian.
ou
(3) The irrevocably divorced mother's custody may not be C
extinguished just due to the father's movement to other than the residence town of the custodian except if such movement is for settlement not aimed at harming the mother and the distance h
between the two towns does not prevent the seeing of the child ig
and returning on the same day by the ordinary means of transport.
H
The consent of the father as a guardian would be required only by the custodian who is not the mother. The father would be y
equally bound to take consent of the mother for the travel of the ba
child. Hence there is no apparent discrimination and in fact a father, though a guardian, cannot take the child away from the om
custody of the custodian (mother). Article 152
B
The custodian's right to custody (fosterage) shall abate in the following cases:
(1) If one of the conditions mentioned in Articles 143 and 144 is breached.
(2) If the custodian settles in a country where it will be ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 39 WP.2636/2013-judgment difficult for the child' guardian to perform his duties. rt
(3) If the person having the right to custody fails to claim it for six months for no excuse. ou
The contention on behalf of the mother that she would not C
be entitled to travel for more than 133 Kms with the child, under this rule is not substantiated. Of course, the mother who has chosen to remain in Dubai would not be entitled to resettle in h
another country as that would certainly prejudice the father and ig
would not be allowed under our justice system also. H
Article 154
(1) If the child is in one parent's custody, the other shall have y
the right to visit and ask to be visited by the child as decided by ba
the judge, provided that the place, time and the person responsible for bringing the child are specified. om
(2) .....
(3) .....
(4) The judgment shall be executed compulsorily if the B
custodian refuses to execute it. This article grants an equal status to the parties for claiming access and visitation. It is not absolute for the father. The fact that the right of access is to be decided by the Judge, it presupposes the judicious decision based upon the facts of the ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 40 WP.2636/2013-judgment case. The contention that the order would not be as per the wishes of the child and may be enforced coercively is, therefore, in vain. rt
It may be mentioned that it is only for the grant of custody ou
of the children under Section 26 of the HMA that the wishes of the child, wherever possible, would be relied upon. Such is not the C
legal position with regard to the access to the child or the visitation rights (as usually understood) (misunderstood) which are granted in the interest and for the benefit of the child to have the love and h
care of both parents. ig
Article 156
H
(1) The custody awarded to women shall terminate when the male child reaches eleven years of age and the female thirteen, y
unless the court decides for the child's interest to extend this ba
period till the male becomes of age and the female gets married. om
This is perhaps the only provision of law which enjoins an otherwise equitable position to end upon reaching a particular age. It must be remembered that the provision is stated to be in B
consonance with the sheri'a law, which is not applicable to the parties and would not govern the parties. Hence the Court may be called upon to decide in the case of the parties hereto who are non- Muslims and who have been subject to that Court's jurisdiction inter alia for aspects relating to the interest and welfare of the child in considering his custody based upon the facts of the case. There is no reason for this Court not to trust or the parties to ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 41 WP.2636/2013-judgment apprehend that the Courts in Dubai, otherwise seized of the matter and which would have earlier passed the order of custody rt
in the interest of the child, to deviate from those considerations at a specified age otherwise not applicable to the child or to the ou
parties hereto. It may be mentioned that in any event the power of the mother to claim custody would end even in our justice system C
when the child reaches the age of maturity ie. 18 years. The child of the parties is, at present, 7 years of age. This h
provision would take several years to apply in any case. It would ig
then be for the mother to consider her place of residence vis a vis her domicile and nationality for applicability of laws. H
This provision would not apply to the case filed by the husband before the Dubai Court being Case No. 65 of 2012. y
ba
Article 157
om
(1) Without prejudice to the provisions of Article 149 hereof, the guardian (tutor) may keep child's passport except in case of travel, in which case he shall deliver it to the custodian. B
(2) The judge may order that the child's passport be kept by the custodian if he finds the guardian obstinate in delivering it when needed.
(3) The custodian may keep the child's original birth certificate and any other evidential documents or certified copies ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 42 WP.2636/2013-judgment thereof. She may also keep the child's personal identity card. rt
A reading of the entire article shows equitable provisions as would be invariably required. Since the father is the guardian, the ou
mother justifiably cannot, as she has been done in this case, unilaterally spirit the child away to another country. It is for that C
purpose that the travel-ban order has been passed in this case. However the exigencies of upbringing of the child would require the mother to keep the birth certificate and the personal identity card h
which has, therefore, been so statutorily allowed. ig
Article 158
H
Judgments delivered for embracing, keeping, delivering (affiliation and protection) of the child to a trustee (custodian) y
and separation of the spouses and like matters pertaining to ba
personal status shall be executed (enforced) compulsorily even if this execution leads to using force or entering houses. The om
execution officer shall follow the instructions given by the judge of the court having within its precinct the place where execution shall take place. Re-execution of the judgment may take place B
whenever necessary.
No ruling issued against the wife for following up may be executed compulsorily.
Exception is taken on behalf of the wife that the judgment can be enforced coercively. The argument is misconceived. Any ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 43 WP.2636/2013-judgment judgment of any Court is required to be. It is not for the party who wishes to disobey the judgment to contend that the justice rt
system is flawed because the judgment would be enforced. It speaks much about the discipline of the Court which statutorily ou
mandates that all the judgments of all Courts have to be executed. The article requires the execution as per the directions of the Court. C
However, it is considerate about the provision relating of strict enforceability of judgments inasmuch as it does not extend to orders which are publicly termed in this jurisdiction as orders for h
restitution of conjugal rights. Such orders are not enforced ig
compulsorily.
GUARDIANSHIP
H
Article 178
y
(1) Guardianship includes guardianship of the person and ba
guardianship of property.
A. Guardianship of the person is the care for all the minor's om
affairs including supervising, protecting, raising, educating him, directing his life, preparing him well and agreeing to get him married.
B
B. Guardianship of property is the care for all matters relative to the minor's property, its protection, management and investment.
(2) Guardianship shall also include wardship, curatorship and legal representation.
::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 44 WP.2636/2013-judgment Article 179
rt
Subject to the provisions on the female's marriage contained in Article 39 hereof, the guardianship of the person ou
shall apply to the youngster till he reaches the legal age and majority and the insane and idiotic adults. C
CONDITIONS OF GUARDIANSHIP
h
Article 180
ig
(1) The guardian must be of legal age, sound mind, major, H
honest and capable of performing the guardianship requirements.
y
(2) The guardian of the person must be honest for the minor, ba
capable of handling his affairs and united with him in religion. om
It is this guardianship which is of the father. Indeed under the statute it excludes the mother. That would apply to citizens of the UAE, but not non-Muslims amongst those citizens to whom B
their personal law would apply as also to non-citizens (who are the parties herein) if either of them asks for application of his/her law (Indian Law). Hence the parties would be governed by their personal law. That would be the HMGA under which the father, and in his absence the mother would be the guardian of the child (see the case of Githa Hariharan Vs. Reserve bank of India AIR 1999 SC 1149).
::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 45 WP.2636/2013-judgment GUARDIANSHIP OF THE PERSON
rt
Article 181
ou
(1) Guardianship of the person shall be awarded to the father, C
then to the agnate by himself according to the order of inheritance.
Article 188
h
ig
The guardinship of property shall be granted to the father alone, then to his trustee if any, then to the real grandfather, H
then to his trustee if any, then to the judge. None of those may assign his guardianship without the court permission. Article 189
y
ba
The guardianship of property shall not include whatever devolves to the minor by donation if the donor so stipulates. om
Article 213
(1) The father may appoint a guardian of his choice on his B
minor son, on the fetus in gestation or on the minor children of his interdicted son. This is also possible for the donor, in the case provided for in Article 189. The guardianship shall be submitted to the Court for confirmation. It is these articles to which the strongest exception is taken ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 46 WP.2636/2013-judgment by the respondent wife (the mother of the child). Indeed under that law the mother would not be even considered to be a guardian rt
and the agnate of the father (those related to him by blood or adoption wholly through males) would take precedence to be ou
appointed guardian. The father in this case is the most willing guardian. He is the guardian even under Section 6 the HMGA. He C
has relocated in Dubai to be able, at least inter alia, to perform his obligations of guardianship. Of course, if the husband abrogates that role and seeks to appoint any other person as guardian, it h
could well be challenged as a malafide act in view of the fact that ig
under the Indian Law, in his absence, his wife (the mother of the child) automatically assumes such role. Such appointment would H
have to come up for confirmation before the Court before it can take effect in consonance with Article 213 above and the Court would consider the applicable law. That however would not apply y
to non-Muslim citizens of UAE as also non-citizens such as the ba
parties to the suit under Article 1(2) of the Personal Status Law if either of them asks for application of the Indian Law. om
22. The contention on behalf of the wife that ends of justice would not be met and injustice would be perpetrated and that B
oppression will result upon her if she has to submit herself to that jurisdiction, is, therefore, seen to be misconceived. It is assuredly not so. Mere reliance upon the sheri'a and the broad provision of sheri'a as is famously understood resulting in a male dominated society cannot be applied without understanding the provisions of equitable laws as have existed in the UAE since 2005 being Federal Law No.28 relating to the personal status of ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 47 WP.2636/2013-judgment the parties which has been issued on 19 th November, 2005. The reliance upon Article 7 of the Constitution of the UAE issued on rt
18th July, 1971 for its application under Article 2 only for understanding and construing the Personal Status Law in view of ou
the detailed provisions of the laws relating to divorce, guardianship custody and visitation rights with which the C
petition of the husband is concerned and applications of maintenance and alimony which may be advantageously made by the wife. The reference to the principles of Islamic h
jurisprudence would, therefore, not entail the abrogation of such ig
detailed laws even for citizens of the UAE. The non-citizens of UAE as also the non-Muslims amongst the citizens of UAE are H
entitled to be governed by their personal laws which is the most beneficent provision in the seminal Article 1 itself. y
23. This Court's attention is also drawn to the Civil ba
Transactions Law being Federal Law No.5 of 1985 which is the Civil Code. That relates to the Procedural Law. The relevant om
articles of which run thus:
Article 1
The legislative texts shall apply to all issues dealt with in B
these provisions as to form and content. Discretion is not acceptable where the text indicates a conclusive provision. However, if a text is not traceable in this law, the judge shall rule in accordance with the law Islamic Sharia'a, provided that he selects the most suitable solutions from the doctrines of Imam Malik and Imam Ahmad Bin Hanbal; but, if nothing that serves ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 48 WP.2636/2013-judgment the purpose exists, he shall resort to the doctrines of Imam Shafa'ee and Imam Abee Hanifa, as the public interest may call rt
for.
If no text exists to this effect, the judge shall rule in ou
accordance with common practice, provided that it must not be contradicting with the public order or morals and if said C
common practice pertains to a particular Emirate, the provision thereof shall apply to that particular Emirate. h
Hence if there is any specific provision of Procedural Law, that alone would apply.
ig
H
Article 2
The rules and principles of Islamic Jurisprudence shall be y
referred to in the understanding, explaining and interpretation ba
of the text.
om
These would not abrogate the procedural statutory law. Article 10
B
The law of UAE shall be the sole reference in interpreting relations, when the nature of such relations is required to be determined in a case where the laws conflict with each other to determine which law shall be applicable. The law of UAE for interpreting the relations is the law of ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 49 WP.2636/2013-judgment personal status being the Federal Law No.28 of 2005 cited above. rt
Article 11
ou
(1) The civil status of persons and their competence shall be governed by the Law of the state to which they C
belong by their nationality.
This article deals with conflict of laws ie. about which law h
would be applicable to the parties; the foreign law (lex loci) or the ig
law of the country where the action is brought (lex fori). There is no such conflict in this case. Under Article 2(1)(ii) of the Personal H
Status Law, the substantive law applicable to the parties herein as non-citizens of the UAE would be the law which they ask to apply. In this case it is the HMA which is applicable to the parties and the y
Petition is filed thereunder. There is no conflict with any other law. ba
Article 13
om
(1) The law of the country to which the husband belongs at the time of marriage shall apply to the personal effects and B
property related impacts resulting from the marriage contract. (2) Divorce shall be subject to the law of the state to which the husband belongs at the time of divorce. Divorce and separation shall be governed by the law of the country to which the husband belongs at the time of the legal action. ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 50 WP.2636/2013-judgment The Article, therefore, accepts that the parties would be covered by the HMA with regard to their divorce. It is contended rt
that the UAE law would apply to the parties at the time of divorce for their divorce and separation since the parties are resident there. ou
This is based upon a complete misreading of Article 13. The divorce applied for by the husband would be governed by the law C
of the country to which he belongs. The husband is an Indian national. He carries an Indian Passport. He has a resident visa issued by the UAE. He is a non-citizen of the UAE. He would be h
governed by the law which he has requested to apply in his ig
application under Article 1(1) of the Personal Status Law that is the HMA as the husband's personal status is of a non-citizen in the H
UAE. Indian laws alone would, therefore, apply to him as the husband belong to India at the time of the legal action. y
Article 16
ba
Relevant matters concerning guardianship, trusteeship, om
custodianship and other related statutes laid down for the protection of the incapacitated, incompetent and absentees, shall be subject to the law governing the person whose protection is B
required.
Under Article 16 of the Civil Code the substantive matters relating to guardianship, trusteeship, maintenance and other systems laid down for the protection of persons .... shall be governed by the law of the person required to be protected. ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 51 WP.2636/2013-judgment In this case, therefore, it would be the HMA and HAMA. rt
Article 21
ou
Rules of jurisdiction and all procedural matters shall be subject to the law of the state in which the legal action is filed or C
proceedings are initiated.
This is in consonance with the rules relating to conflict of h
laws under the private international law (lex fori). ig
Rule 19 of the Rules of Private International Law cited in H
the treatise by Dicey and Morris runs thus: "Rule 19 - All matters of procedure are governed by the y
domestic law of the country to which the court wherein any ba
legal proceedings are taken belongs (lex fori)". om
Since this relates to procedural matters they would always be governed by the procedural code applicable where the action is initiated.
B
The contention of Mr. Lalwani that under Section 21 of the HMA the CPC applies and would not be applicable in Dubai where the action is initiated resulting in gross injustice to the wife is again misconceived. The CPC is applicable under Section 21 subject to the provisions of HMA itself as also the rules of the High Court. Further under Section 10 of the Family Court's Act, the ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 52 WP.2636/2013-judgment procedure under the CPC would be diluted by the rules made under that Act itself. It is accepted that the rules of the Family Courts are rt
far less stringent than of the CPC and notwithstanding that the CPC applies, it does so with such variations as Family Court deems ou
appropriate which is capable of moulding the procedure. It is, therefore, too vain to suggest that another procedure of another C
system in another country would not apply when the parties reside in that country and the action is initiated there. h
It may be mentioned that even in countries like the UK or ig
USA, which are reciprocal territories, actions initiated would be amenable to the procedural laws applicable there. Such laws can H
never be resisted or taken exception to. All parties are required to submit to the procedural laws of the land where the action is brought. Article 21 is in consonance with such international y
principles.
ba
Article 26
om
(1) If it is decided that a foreign law is to be applied, only its domestic provisions shall be applied rather than those related to B
the private international law.
(2) However, the law of the United Arab Emirates shall be applied if certain provisions of the international law pertaining to the applicable law refer to its rules. It follows as a matter of corollary from the established ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 53 WP.2636/2013-judgment principles of international law that the domestic provisions, which is the substantive law governing the parties, would be applied rt
when a foreign law such as the HMA is required to be applied. Once that is done, the procedural law would be in consonance with ou
international law.
C
My attention is drawn to the bilateral treaty between India and UAE. It deals with civil and commercial matters. It encompasses assistance of both countries for service of summons, h
taking of evidence and execution of decrees, settlements and ig
awards. Under Article XX thereof a decree of either of the countries would be recognized if it is in consonance with the principles under H
Section 13 of the CPC which deals with acceptance of foreign judgments. The treaty has been entered into by the two countries on 25th October, 1999. It is also in consonance with the principles y
of international law as much as the aforesaid principle of the CPC ba
governing foreign judgments in India. om
Both the countries have gone far since 1999. There is no reason why the private international law principles would not apply to this case.
B
Article 27
Provisions of any law defined by the foregoing texts must not be applied if such provisions are in violation of the Islamic Shari'a, public order or morals prevailing in the United Arab Emirates.
::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 54 WP.2636/2013-judgment No violation is shown. No provision of Sheri'a Law relating rt
to procedural matters which is different from the Civil Transactions Law is shown.
ou
It is argued on behalf of the wife that this constitutes a C
death-knell of the rights of the wife. This is upon assumed sheri'a law which is not shown to Court. As per the ruling in the case of Modi Entertainment (Supra) it is for the party propounding a h
particular foreign law to strictly prove it. Nothing is shown. It is ig
justifiably argued by Counsel on bahelf of the husband that the case of the wife cannot be based upon an assumed law. Indeed it H
can never be countenanced by the Court.
24. The basic argument of the wife, therefore, is based upon a y
fundamental fallacy. The Court finds no reason to berate the ba
justice system of the country based upon the newly established laws of 1985 and 2005 to accept the apprehension of the wife. om
25. The observation of the learned Judge in the impugned order that if there is conflict as apprehended by the wife B
between the provisions of the Hindu Law and the Sheri'a, gross injustice would account and the wife is, therefore, entitled to an anti-suit injunction, therefore, deserves to be interfered with upon seeing no apparent conflict with the law applicable to the parties by which they would be governed.
26. It is also argued that Dubai is the forum non-conveniens ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 55 WP.2636/2013-judgment as it is most inconvenient for the wife to submit to that forum. That is because she is required to have all her proceedings, rt
affidavits, submissions etc., attested by various authorities in the UAE and is required to translate them incurring huge expenses. ou
The wife has chosen to reside in the UAE. She obtained a visa of 2 years and extended it by further 2 years. She carries on C
business there and is shown to be Director of at least 3 companies. She has enrolled her son in a good school in Dubai. She claims that it is one of the best international schools in h
Dubai where he is doing well. He is also learning music at the ig
London Music and drama Academy, Dubai. The wife has also stated that she has no interest in her or her child leaving that H
country. The parties are well and happily settled in Dubai. It will be expected of such a wife who has herself chosen the country with which she is fully satisfied to have to obtain at least the y
attestations and interpretations of her documents, the cost ba
notwithstanding. The forum cannot be complained of as being inconvenient to such party.
om
27. Several judgments have been relied upon on behalf of the wife of cases where the Courts have held that the Indian jurisdiction would prevail over a foreign one. It may be B
mentioned that in each of this cases the applicants, more specially the wife, were residents in India. They either returned to India or continued to reside in India whilst the respondent lived in a foreign jurisdiction. No case is shown by the applicant in which the applicant herself lived in a foreign jurisdiction and then claimed to be tried by Indian Courts. Those judgments ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 56 WP.2636/2013-judgment relied upon by the wife, therefore, need not detain the Court. rt
28. It is contended on behalf of the husband that the action by the wife even otherwise totally lacks bonafides and is made as a ou
counterblast. The husband initially sued to obtain a travel-ban order against the wife in respect of his child on 1 st March, 2012. C
He sued for divorce and applied to the Family Reform Department as is the mandatory requirement prior to the Court taking up the divorce petition, on 8th March, 2012. This h
application came to be served upon the wife on 18 th March, ig
2012. The wife issued a general power of attorney to her Advocates to appear on her behalf (though she failed to appear H
herself) on 19th March, 2012. She was summoned to appear before the Family Reform Department on 25th March, 2012. She failed to appear. That was in Application No.64 of 2012. Upon y
such failure reconciliation could not take place and as per the ba
Personal Status Law the matter went to Court as Reference No.65 of 2012. The wife filed her petition in Mumbai on 3 rd om
April, 2012. The husband filed his divorce petition for want of reconciliation on 26th April, 2012 / 1st May, 2012. Both parties contend that their application was filed first and hence the other application need not be pressed until their application is B
decided. A chronology of the aforesaid events read alongside the aforesaid rule requiring the first summons to be issued for reconciliation before any divorce proceeding can be initiated under Article 16 read with Article 117(2) of the Personal Status Law, 2005 shows the first application of the husband. In any event a travel-ban application itself initiated legal proceedings ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 57 WP.2636/2013-judgment between the parties at least qua their child, but which has effected both the mother and the child as has been claimed by rt
the mother herself. The wife's petition for judicial separation, filed through her constituted attorney in India, whilst she ou
continued to live in Dubai may be considered by the Family Court, Mumbai separately and independently or may rest upon C
the husband's petition for divorce being heard and disposed of in which case it, by its very nature, would become infructuous. The Court would refrain itself from granting the anti-suit order h
claimed by her on the ground alleged. ig
29. It may be mentioned that in all Courts, Indian and Foreign, H
parties would be expected to rest their case upon their own merits rather than upon technicalities. y
30. Mr. Lalwani relied upon Principles of Private ba
International Law set out by the Dicey, Morris & Collins Volume 1 in support of his case of Anti-suit Injunction. In om
Chapter 12 Rule 38(5) the interest of justice for grant of such an injunction is set out thus:
"(5). Subject to the provisions of the Brussels I B
Regulation and the Lugano Convention, an English Court may restrain a party over whom it has personal jurisdiction from the institution or continuance of proceedings in a foreign court, or the enforcement of foreign judgments, where it is necessary in the interests of justice for it to do so." ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 58 WP.2636/2013-judgment
31. What would be the interest of justice has also been relied rt
upon by him from the same thesis. ou
32. Mr. Lalwani would contend that interest of justice would mean that the husband filed and prosecuted his divorce petition in Mumbai whilst the wife continues to live in Dubai because the C
wife has filed her petition for judicial separation in Mumbai in which the jurisdiction of the Family Court Mumbai is upheld so h
that there would be no multiciplicity of proceedings. He could also contend that it would not be oppressive and more ig
convenient for the wife to attend Court in Mumbai rather than H
in Dubai where she lives and, of course, the Hindu Law applicable to both the parties would be applied more appropriately and conveniently by the Court in Mumbai. He y
would also contend that it would be against her interest that the ba
husband prosecutes his divorce petition in Dubai though he would defend her petition for judicial separation in Mumbai. It is very inconvenient because she would have to get her affidavits om
and proceedings affirmed before the various authorities and obtain translations and the Court there would not fully comprehend the Hindu Law applicable to both the parties. B
33. This argument is wholly ignoring the fact that the wife brought upon herself the umbrella of a foreign Court by choosing to reside there, continuing her residence there and by carrying on business there, which makes it not only an appropriate but the correct forum to sue her no matter where she herself sues. Besides the grant of divorce would cover and ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 59 WP.2636/2013-judgment contain the relief with regard to judicial separation. The relief of judicial separation would merge in the relief of divorce itself. rt
The refusal of divorce may allow her to proceed for judicial separation as per her own prayer. ou
34. The wife can hardly be heard to contend that the choice of C
her country is inconvenient only when it comes to the jurisdiction of the Courts.
h
35. Mr. Lalwani also contended that the filing of the divorce ig
petition is an abuse of process because it is made only to harass the wife. This can also hardly be countenanced in view of the H
fact that the marriage of the parties had completely broken down, even the child of the parties was not made available to the father in India, the father had to go as far as Dubai to obtain y
access to his child. The divorce petition under those ba
circumstances would only be expected. om
36. Mr. Lalwani relying upon commentaries of Dicey and Morris on Private International Law upon judgments of the English Court where it was held that if the Court was satisfied that there is another available forum which is more appropriate B
for the trial of the action the burden would shift to the claimant to show that there was special circumstances by reason of which justice required that the trial should take place where filed (in that case in England).
37. The above analogy would not show that the Court in ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 60 WP.2636/2013-judgment Mumbai would not be the more appropriate forum for the husband to sue for divorce whilst the wife continued to reside in rt
Dubai as she would never be able, at least easily, to attend the Court on the various dates of hearing to make it convenient for ou
both. The fact that the wife has herself settled in Dubai before the husband would show the special circumstances that the trial C
should take place where she lived.
38. The same analogy would apply to the "natural forum", an h
aspect to which the Court's attention is drawn by Mr. Lalwani ig
from the thesis of Dicey and Morris. Though the Indian law is applicable to the parties, and the Courts in India otherwise H
would have the most real and substantial connection with the petition as the parties last resided in Mumbai and the marriage had indeed taken place in Mumbai, they would not be the only y
Courts having connection with the litigations of the parties since ba
the wife is not resident in India. In fact the commentary of Dicey Morris shows that the Court having the most real and om
substantial connection include the place where the parties reside and carry on business (see page 553) along with the other factors governing the transaction. B
39. Mr. Lalwani also places reliance upon the commentary relating to "governing law" at page 556 of Dicey & Morris. This would relate to the law applicable to the parties which is indeed the Hindu Marriage and the HAMA. The governing law when legal systems are different is observed to be more reliably applied by the Court where the laws are applicable than by a ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 61 WP.2636/2013-judgment foreign Court pointing to the more appropriate forum. However it cannot be presumed that no courts other than Indian courts rt
can apply simple statutes such as HMA and the HAMA. ou
40. With regard to the vexation and oppressiveness claimed by the wife Mr. Lalwani would argue that these apply to oppressive C
procedures in the foreign court for a party with no substantial connection with such jurisdiction, bad faith in the institution of the proceedings, extreme inconvenience caused by those h
proceedings, multiplicity of actions where the action would ig
spawn further consequential litigation which might not be reconcilable with the foreign decision and proceedings which H
would undermine the control of the Court's process in India, based upon this commentary also arising out of English decisions some of which have been considered in the case of y
Modi Entertainment (supra). It is contended that these ba
proceedings filed with bad faith would be opressive and inconvenient, which, it is seen, they are not. No other action om
which would emanate from the divorce petition is shown except that the wife herself has filed a petition for declaring husband a lunatic in the Dubai Court after the divorce petition is filed (page 588).
B
41. What Mr. Lalwani considers even more important, and which has been extracted from the commentary of Dicey and Morris amenating from other English judgments, is a proceeding for no good reason in a Court which would disregard the choice of Indian law. (page 589). It cannot be stated by this Court at ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 62 WP.2636/2013-judgment present that the divorce petition or the petition for guardianship filed by the husband/father is for no good reason when the rt
marriage between the parties is admittedly not happy and the child of the parties is in the custody of the mother with only ou
access to the father.
C
42. With regard to the aspect of guardianship, it is indeed more sensitive and fragile as it involves a minor child. Mr. Lalwani argued that the wife would have no choice but to do as h
the husband wished with regard to the upbringing of the child, ig
his interest notwithstanding, which must deter this Court from allowing the issue of guardianship to be agitated in the Dubai H
Court. This commentary at page 1156 would have to be considered upon the law now prevelent in Dubai it being the Personal Status Law of 2005 which is more equitable than y
allowing the wife to submit to all the father's wishes however ba
unreasonable. Once it is seen that Dubai law, as set out hereinbefore, does not enjoin any such gross inequity the om
apprehension about the Court not applying the Indian Law applicable to the parties, but applying that law would also largely be misconceived; even if that law is applied it is seen to be rather equitable. The principles of Shari'a would be used only B
for interpreting the provisions of the law and for applying it only when there is no specific provision in that law. Since it is seen that there is no area left out of the equitable law relating to custody or guardianship the apprehension of the wife cannot be countenanced.
::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 63 WP.2636/2013-judgment
43. She has chosen the country. She must accept her choice. rt
She, therefore, comes within the jurisdiction of that country. She must respect the jurisdiction of those Courts. The petition ou
has been filed where she resides. The costs of obtaining affirmations and translations is petty given her status and C
position as also the choice of her residence. The wife is seen to have no cause to complaint. She has brought upon herself the jurisdiction of the Dubai Courts. This Court must respect that h
jurisdiction on the principle of comity seeing nothing amiss. ig
44. The principles of comity/respect for all Courts are enjoined H
to be borne in mind. The aforesaid law of personal status of 2005 in Dubai deserves the respect/comity as a sound law of any equitable justice system.
y
ba
45. The jurisdiction to which the wife would submit is, therefore, neither inconvenient nor oppressive, but deserving the om
comity and respect as equitable and convenient in view of her own residence there. The Court would be lothe to exercise the jurisdiction which would interfere not only with the husband's petition but the jurisdiction of that Court. B
46. The husband's application is not seen to be only to spite the wife as is contended. The husband is entitled to sue for divorce upon what transpired between the parties leading the wife to leave the country of her nationality as well as domicile. Even if he was not constrained to apply in Dubai, having applied ::: Downloaded on - 03/05/2013 10:43:10 ::: 64 WP.2636/2013-judgment in the Courts in Mumbai, it would have been a Herculean task for him to obtain her presence for conducting the proceedings. rt
He must, therefore, submit himself to the place where the wife resides and carries on her business which he has done and which ou
act cannot be faulted.
C
47. Consequently the impugned order deserves to be interfered with and deserves to be set aside. h
48. The application of the wife for anti suit injunction deserves ig
to be and is dismissed.
H
49. The divorce petition of the husband shall continue in the Court where it is filed. Rule is granted to that extent. y
50. This writ petition is disposed of accordingly. ba
51. This order is stayed for 4 weeks. Both parties shall not om
proceed with any matter in the Dubai Courts for 4 weeks. (MRS. ROSHAN DALVI, J.)
B
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