He deposed that the Plaintiff s claim was contained in the letter dated 15.9.1987, whose contents are correct and which was signed by the Senior Commercial Officer of the Plaintiff, whose signature he identified.
18. Both the witnesses have been cross-examined. However, for the Plaintiff to prove the contents of the surveyors report, no evidence of the author of the report is produced. The evidence of the aforesaid two witnesses cannot show and prove the truth of the contents of the surveyors report. It can, at best, prove the signature of Kushal Roy who signed the report as identified by the Senior 13 suit-2066
Commercial Officer of the Plaintiff. In this case, for example, his evidence has not shown as to how much allowance for moisture loss was made by Kushal Roy. Only Kushal Roy could have explained that aspect. The Defendant would be entitled to cross- examine Kushal Roy on the extent of the allowance made. Similarly how quantity delivered by each wagon was calculated and what in fact has not been explained by either of the Plaintiff s witnesses.
19. The law with regard to the proof of the report by direct evidence is contained in Section 62 of the Indian Evidence Act. The document itself sought to be produced by the Plaintiff would be the primary evidence and has to be proved by its author or by the person who knows and understands the contents of the report so that he submits himself to the cross- examination of the other party for determining the truth of its contents.
20. The surveyor himself was required to give direct evidence of what he surveyed. Kushal Roy has not been examined. The witnesses on behalf of the Plaintiff do not know how the survey was carried out and how the measurements were taken and the allowance for reduction of moisture contents was made. Kushal Roy, who signed the report, would be 14 suit-2066
required to be cross-examined by the Defendant for showing how the shortage precisely as claimed by him in the report upon the precise Metric Tonne of goods, which were delivered under the aforesaid two consignments were shown by him. That having not been done, the witness who only saw and signed or who knew signature or who may have been present at some of the times during which the survey was carried out, it having been carried out over a period of months, cannot depose as to the truth of the contents of the report made by another. The truth of the contents of the surveyors report, Exhibit-F in evidence, is accordingly not proved.
21. In the case of Madholal Sindhu vs. Asian Assurance Co. Ltd., AIR 1954 Bombay 305, it has been observed as follows:
.... the contents of a document could
not be proved by proving the handwriting or the signature on a document, if the witness had no personal knowledge about the contents of the document.
Hence, it is futile to prove the signature without calling the signatory to depose.
Bombay High Court
Hindustan Copper Ltd vs New India Assurance Co. Ltd on 10 August, 2010
Bench: R. S. Dalvi
1. This suit is filed for recovery of Rs.11,35,053.82 with interest on the principal sum of Rs.8,09,928.96 thereon and further interest from the date of the suit until payment being the value of the material lost in transit by the Plaintiff which was insured by the Plaintiff with the Defendant. The Plaintiff claims the loss in transit under a written contract between the parties contained in the Plaintiff s offer to take an insurance policy of the Defendant 2 suit-2066
dated 20.10.1986, Exhibit-A to the Plaint and the Defendant s acceptance under its letter dated 13.12.1986, Exhibit-B to the Plaint, as per the terms, conditions and warranties and also the exceptions in the insurance policy issued by the Defendant, Exhibit-C to the Plaint.
2. The policy of insurance, which is a marine policy (cargo), is the written contract between the parties and the rights and entitlement of the parties are governed thereby.
3. It is the Plaintiff s case that the offer of the Plaintiff was accepted by the Defendant and the policy issued as per the specific requirement inter alia of rail movement set out in the Plaintiff s letter of offer. The clause relating to rail movement specifically states that there can be no physical weighment and such weightment would be on the basis of stowage factor. It also shows that the material received by the Plaintiff through rail would be weighed at its plant and the difference in the weight at the time the goods were put on the railway and at the time of delivery of the goods at the plant of the Plaintiff will be the basis of the stowage claim supported by the certificate from the Store Officer of the Plaintiff. The Plaintiff s 3 suit-2066
offer, which was subject to the terms, conditions, warranties and exceptions in the insurance policy, was accepted by issue of the policy itself. The clause of survey and claims settlement in the policy shows the conditions to be performed in the event of loss or damage which may result in a claim under the insurance policy. The Defendant claims that the Plaintiff must notify the event immediately to the Defendant s agents at the port of discharge in order that they may examine the goods and issue the certificate of their agent. In cases where there is no agent at the port of discharge, notice is to be given to Lloyd s agents.
4. No such notice was given. The claim has been made by the Plaintiff.
5. The Defendant contends that it is not liable for any loss or damage to the Plaintiff since its agent has not examined the goods and issued its survey report. The Plaintiff contends that the specific term in the offer of the Plaintiff was that the Plaintiff would get the goods at its own plant and claim the stowage supported by its own Store Officer s certificate which the Defendant accepted and hence, the Defendant is bound to make good the loss in transit suffered by the Plaintiff as shown by the Plaintiff 4 suit-2066
in its Storekeeper s certificate.
6. The Plaintiff has sought to prove the loss suffered by it as the value of the missing cargo through its own surveyor s certificate proved by the officer who signed the certificate. The Defendant contends that the certificate of the Plaintiff s surveyor is also not proved.
7. Based upon the respective claims of the parties, following issues came to be framed on 24.6.2008 by Justice A.P. Deshpande (as he then was) and are answered as follows:-
ISSUES
(i) Whether the Plaintiff proves that the suit is filed within limitation.- Yes.
(ii) Whether the Plaintiff proves that this Court has no jurisdiction to try and entertain the suit.- Need not be answered as not pressed.
(iii)Whether the Plaintiff proves that under the policy the Defendant is liable to make good the loss. - No
5 suit-2066
(iv) Whether the Plaintiff proves that the value of the missing cargo was Rs.8,37,649.66 - No
(v) Whether the Defendant proves that the
Plaintiff has committed breach of the terms of the policy and hence not entitled to make any claim. - Yes
(vi)Whether the Plaintiff proves that it is exonerated from the liability by virtue of
Clauses 2.2, 2.3, 2.5, 8 and 8.2 of the suit policy. - Need not be answered as not pressed.
(vii)Whether the Plaintiff is entitled to a decree as prayed for and if yes, what order ?- No
(viii)Whether the Plaintiff proves that when the goods arrived at Khetrinagar Project there
was a shortage of 404.136 Metric Tonnes as
averred in para-10 of the plaint. - No
8. The Plaintiff led the evidence of its Deputy General Manager and its Senior Commercial Officer. The Defendant has not led any oral evidence. The parties have essentially relied upon the correspondence between them consisting of the offer and the acceptance and the consequent insurance 6 suit-2066
policy followed by the first payment of premium (which is the only premium amount) paid by the Plaintiff. Upon the Plaintiff claiming the loss in transit, the parties entered into correspondence which is admitted, though its contents are denied. Evidence is led before the Commissioner. Admissibility of the documents was not considered prior to the evidence being led and hence, is now considered. The Plaintiff separately relied upon the certificate of its surveyors. That is the document essentially disputed by the Defendant.
9. The offer and the acceptance as well as insurance policy being admitted documents are marked Exhibits A, B and C by consent. The receipt issued by the Defendant is similarly marked as Exhibit D. The correspondence between the parties is marked as Exhibit-E (collectively) subject to the proof of the truth of its contents. Both Counsel have wisely not delved into the correspondence which, in any case, reflects the respective cases of the parties. The certificate of the surveyors of the Plaintiff relied upon by the Plaintiff is marked Exhibit-F subject to the proof of the truth of its contents. It will have to be seen whether its contents are proved by the direct evidence led by the Plaintiff of its execution. In any event, the proof of the 7 suit-2066
certificate would be purely of academic importance unless the Plaintiff proves the liability of the Defendant for the loss in transit caused to the Plaintiff by the shortage claimed by the Plaintiff and only if the Defendant does not prove that it was exonerated from its liability under the terms of the policy. It may be mentioned that the written contract between the parties is of seminal importance in determining their rights and liabilities, if any, thereunder. The aforesaid issues would have to be considered in that light.
10. Issue No.(i) : Mr.Narichania on behalf of the Defendant has fairly conceded that the suit is filed within limitation covered by Article 44(b) of Schedule I of the Limitation Act. Hence, this issue is answered in the affirmative.
11. Issue No.(ii) : This issue is not pressed and hence, not answered.
12. Issue Nos.(iii) & (v) : The Plaintiff claims that the goods, which were received by the Plaintiff at its premises, which was the port of discharge, were short and the shortage is supported by the certificate of the Plaintiff s surveyors. Mr.Menon on behalf of the Plaintiff argued that this was the 8 suit-2066
essential term in the offer of the Plaintiff. It is indeed specifically recited in the offer letter dated 20.10.1986, Exhibit-A in evidence.
13. The offer of party has to be unconditionally accepted to form a binding contract between the parties enforceable at law. It is, however, not unconditionally accepted by the Defendant. The Defendant s letter, Exhibit-B in evidence, is expressly stated to be as per the terms, conditions, warranties and exceptions in the insurance policy which was under the course of preparation and to be sent to the Plaintiff on its completion at the time the letter dated 13.12.1986 of the Defendant was sent to the Plaintiff. The Defendant, therefore, accepted the offer of the Plaintiff as well as the first premium amounting to Rs.64,339/- for issue of an insurance policy valid between 28.10.1986 and 28.10.1987 for an approximate quantity of 15,000 Metric Tonnes of Sulphur and Rock Phosphate in bulk from Kandla to Khetrinagar for sum insured of Rs. 2.10 Crores as per the terms in the insurance policy. The Defendant, therefore, made a counter offer. The counter offer contained the terms and conditions of the policy. One of the terms and conditions is with regard to the survey and claims settlement. The said term in the marine policy, 9 suit-2066
Exhibit-C in evidence, issued by the Defendant is as follows:-
In the event of loss or damage which may
result in a claim under this insurance,
immediate notice must be given .... who are the company s agents at port of discharge, in order that they may examine the goods and
issue the survey report. When the company has no agent, the notice must be given to Lloyd s Agents.
14. The Plaintiff accepted the insurance policy and has claimed thereunder. It is that counter offer of the Defendant contained in the policy, accepted by the Plaintiff which would constitute the contract between the parties which is enforceable at law. The Plaintiff has admittedly given no notice to any of the Defendant s agents at the port of discharge. In fact, the Plaintiff claims that no such notice was to be given and that only the Plaintiff was to weigh the goods and claim a shortage as per the certificate of its own surveyors (Store Officer mentioned in their offer letter, Exh.-A). Under the contract between the parties, therefore, the Plaintiff cannot be taken to have proved that the Defendant must make good the loss, there being no clause under which the Defendant can be made liable to make good the loss without the notice to its own agents for examining the goods and for issuing the 10 suit-2066
survey report. The Plaintiff not having complied with the specific conditions relating to survey and claims settlement by giving requisite notice, the Defendant must be taken to have proved that the Plaintiff has breached the essential terms of the policy and hence is not entitled to make any claim upon the Defendant. Consequently, issue No.(iii) is answered in the negative and issue No.(v) is answered in the affirmative.
15. Issue No.(vi) : The Defendant has claimed that the Plaintiff has not complied with various terms of the contract contained in the terms and conditions annexed to the policy. However, the parties have not seriously pressed this issue and hence it need not be answered.
16. Issue Nos.(iv), (vii) & (viii) : The Plaintiff has sought to prove the value of the missing cargo under the certificate issued by its own surveyors (though it was shown to have been to its storekeeper in the offer letter, Exh-A.) That certificate is shown to be proved by the direct evidence of the Plaintiff s Senior Commercial Officer. He has inter alia deposed that upon the goods having arrived at Khetrinagar, the Plaintiff appointed Seascan Services Pvt. Ltd. as its surveyor for attending to 11 suit-2066
the discharge of cargo. This was done from 19.12.1986 till 30.1.1987. He has deposed that the cargo arrived in sound condition. The report of shortage was made by the Plaintiff s surveyor. He is familiar with the report. It was signed by one Kushal Roy, the surveyor, who he personally knew. He deposed that the contents of the report are correct. He further deposed that another consignment, which was discharged later, was similarly surveyed by the same surveyor. That survey commenced from 1.2.1987 and was completed on 18.4.1987. That was also signed by Kushal Roy, who he personally knew. He further deposed that there was an initial draft survey and thereafter a final draft survey conducted in respect of the cargo discharged. He deposed that the quantities, which were discharged under the aforesaid two consignments, were 2118.358 MT and 2090.010 MT. He has been cross-examined with regard to the truth of the contents of the two reports of the Plaintiff s surveyors.
17. The Deputy General Manager of the Plaintiff has inter alia deposed that the discharge operation was supervised by the aforesaid surveyors in his presence. He has also deposed about the initial draft survey and the final draft survey of the 12 suit-2066
aforesaid Metric Tonnes of the cargo which was discharged at the port of discharge. He has deposed that the surveyors supervised the unloading operation during the aforesaid periods. The surveyors took measurement of the wagons in which the delivery was effected, the weight of the cargo which was loaded and calculated the quantity delivered by each wagon by using the stowage factor of the cargo so delivered. He has deposed that the allowance for the moisture loss suffered by the cargo was made. He has deposed about the shortage as shown in the aforesaid reports of the Plaintiff s surveyors and the claim made by the Plaintiff. He deposed that the Plaintiff s claim was contained in the letter dated 15.9.1987, whose contents are correct and which was signed by the Senior Commercial Officer of the Plaintiff, whose signature he identified.
18. Both the witnesses have been cross-examined. However, for the Plaintiff to prove the contents of the surveyors report, no evidence of the author of the report is produced. The evidence of the aforesaid two witnesses cannot show and prove the truth of the contents of the surveyors report. It can, at best, prove the signature of Kushal Roy who signed the report as identified by the Senior 13 suit-2066
Commercial Officer of the Plaintiff. In this case, for example, his evidence has not shown as to how much allowance for moisture loss was made by Kushal Roy. Only Kushal Roy could have explained that aspect. The Defendant would be entitled to cross- examine Kushal Roy on the extent of the allowance made. Similarly how quantity delivered by each wagon was calculated and what in fact has not been explained by either of the Plaintiff s witnesses.
19. The law with regard to the proof of the report by direct evidence is contained in Section 62 of the Indian Evidence Act. The document itself sought to be produced by the Plaintiff would be the primary evidence and has to be proved by its author or by the person who knows and understands the contents of the report so that he submits himself to the cross- examination of the other party for determining the truth of its contents.
20. The surveyor himself was required to give direct evidence of what he surveyed. Kushal Roy has not been examined. The witnesses on behalf of the Plaintiff do not know how the survey was carried out and how the measurements were taken and the allowance for reduction of moisture contents was made. Kushal Roy, who signed the report, would be 14 suit-2066
required to be cross-examined by the Defendant for showing how the shortage precisely as claimed by him in the report upon the precise Metric Tonne of goods, which were delivered under the aforesaid two consignments were shown by him. That having not been done, the witness who only saw and signed or who knew signature or who may have been present at some of the times during which the survey was carried out, it having been carried out over a period of months, cannot depose as to the truth of the contents of the report made by another. The truth of the contents of the surveyors report, Exhibit-F in evidence, is accordingly not proved.
21. In the case of Madholal Sindhu vs. Asian Assurance Co. Ltd., AIR 1954 Bombay 305, it has been observed as follows:
.... the contents of a document could
not be proved by proving the handwriting or the signature on a document, if the witness had no personal knowledge about the contents of the document.
Hence, it is futile to prove the signature without calling the signatory to depose.
22.In the case of Sir Mohammed Yusuf vs. D., AIR 1968 Bombay 112, it has been observed thus:- 15 suit-2066
The proof of the genuineness of a document is proof of the authorship of the document and is proof of fact like that of any other fact.
The evidence relating thereto may be direct or circumstantial. Signature can be taken to
have been proved under Section 47 of the
Indian Evidence Act by recognition. But the proof of the signature on the basis of opinion evidence, however, is not proof of handwriting of the document.
23.In the case of Ramji Dayawala & Sons (P.) Ltd. vs. Invest Import, AIR 1981 SC 2085, it has been held that mere proof of the handwriting of a document would not tantamount to proof of all the contents of the facts stated in the document. The truth of the contents had to be proved by the evidence of the persons who can vouchsafe for the truth of the facts in issue. In that case a letter and a cable were shown to be received. Upon being received the same, the documents would be admissible in evidence. However, the contents of these documents were not proved as the author of the documents was not examined. The contents of these documents were not the evidence of the facts stated therein. It was observed that fax that was sent itself would not prove the truth of the contents of the document. 16 suit-2066
24.In the case of Om Prakash Berlia & anr. vs. Unit Trust of India, AIR 1983 Bombay 1, the Annual Returns of the Company filed with the Registrar of Companies was held to show only the factum of such filing. For want of evidence of the author of the Annual Return the mere filing was held not to prove the truth of the contents of that Annual Returns.
25.Further upon production of the report if the Plaintiff s witnesses had themselves examined the contents while Kunal Roy was surveying, they could have given at least secondary evidence of the condition of the goods so surveyed by their examination of the goods. Even that is not done.
26.In the case of Krishna Dayal vs. Emperor, AIR 1946 Allahabad 227, the evidence with regard to the statement made by a witness with regard to the sur- charge register maintained by the office of the Postmaster General came up for consideration. The certificate issued by the Assistant Accounts Officer, Post and Telegraph, Delhi, was to be proved. It was signed by another person and the author of the document was not examined. It was held that under Section 65(g) of the Indian Evidence Act secondary evidence could be given of the 17 suit-2066
existence condition of the contents of a document by the person, who examined the documents and who is skilled in the examination of such documents. It was observed thus:-
As said above, Ram Rachpal Mathur is the
person purporting to have signed Ex.P-35. He has come into the witness-box and he might be allowed to give his own version of the part that he played in the examination of the
record concerned. At pp. 9 and 32 of the paper book is to be found his evidence. He says
that Exs. P-35 and P-36 are the certificates regarding non-receipt of the surcharge. He
also says that the former bears his signature while the latter that of Mr.S.N. Ayer about whose handwriting and signature he claims to have knowledge. He admits in the course of
his cross-examination that the search was not made by him. It was, on the other hand, one Mr.V. Parathasarthy who had the search carried out under his supervision. He also admits that he cannot name the clerks who were employed in the search. He, therefore, does not answer the test laid down by Section 65 of the Act in
that he had not examined the documents. S.N. Ayer has not come into the witness-box at all. The insistence by the Legislature on the
presence in the witness-box of a person who had examined the documents or of someone who is skilled in the examination of the
documents is intended to afford an
opportunity to the opposite party to find out the truth by means of the cross-examination of such a witness. I have no doubt, therefore, that the contention of the learned counsel for the accused is sound and by far the most
important pieces of evidence, on which the
18 suit-2066
prosecution mainly rests its case, disappear.
27.It can, therefore, be said that the Plaintiff has not proved the surveyors report and consequently, the shortage mentioned in the surveyors report and the consequent loss suffered by the alleged shortage in transit as the loss in transit claimed by the Plaintiff. Hence, issue Nos.(iv), (vii) and (viii) are answered in the negative.
28.Consequently, the Suit is dismissed. No order as to costs.
(SMT.ROSHAN DALVI, J.)
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