The general principle is that every Hindu family is presumed to be joint unless the contrary is proved;

The general principle is that every Hindu family is presumed to be joint unless the contrary is proved; but this presumption can be rebutted by direct evidence or by course of conduct. It is also settled that there is no presumption that when one member separates from others that the latter remain united ; whether the latter remain 'united or not must be decided on the facts of 'each case. To these it may be added that in the case 'of old transactions, when no 'contemporaneous documents are maintained and when most of the active

participants in the transactions have passed away, though the burden still remains on the person who asserts that there was a partition, it is permissible to fill up gaps more readily by reasonable inferences than in a case where the evidence is not obliterated by passage of time.

Supreme Court of India

Bhagwan Dayal vs Mst. Reoti Devi on 4 September, 1961

Equivalent citations: 1962 AIR 287, 1962 SCR (3) 440

Res judicata- Suit in Revenue Court-Question of proprietary title referred to Civil Court-Decree-Subsequent suit in Civil Court for declaration of title-Whether decree of Revenue Court operates as res judicata-Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (Act V of 1908), s. 11.
Hindu Law-Joint family- Presumption as to jointness- Separation- Re-union, proof of-Whether members of different branches can acquire property as joint Hindu family property.
HEADNOTE:
One L was living with his sons K and j in the village. He was not in affluent circumstances. K left the ancestral home; he first joined military service and then police service. He gave up service and started a business with his savings. He brought his nephews R (husband of the respondent) and B (appellant) at differernt times and allowed them to take part in the business. At his death K left a will bequeathing all his properties to his two nephews. After the death of R, his widow, the respondent, filed' a suit against B, the appellant in a Revenue Court under the U.P. Tenancy Act, for a half share of the income of some of the villages left by K. As a dispute arose as to proprietary title the Revenue Court framed an issue there on- and referred it to the Civil Court as required by the Act. The Civil Court held that the respondent had a half share in the villages and on the basis of this finding the Revenue Court decreed, the suit. Thereafter, the appellant filed the present suit in a Civil Court for a declaration that he was the absolute owner of all the properties in suit. His case was that L, his sons and descendants constituted a joint Hiudu family, that there was never any partition in the family, that K, R and B jointly started a business and they jointly acquired some properties during the lire time of K, some after the death of K and some after the death of R, that the said pro. pretties were joint family properties and that he as the survivor was the absolute owner of all the properties. Alternatively, 441
441
he pleaded that even if there was a partition in -the family of L, a reunion should be inferred from the conduct of K, R and B during the lifetime of K and thereafter. The respondent contended that the family of.L was divided, that K started the business with the aid of his self acquisitions and purchased properties out of the income thereof, that after the death of K the two brothers R and B got his properties under his will, that they jointly acquired further properties out of the income of the business, that after the death of R, the appellant succeeded to the half share of R and that the decree of the Revenue Court operated as resjudicata.
Held, that the suit was not barred by resjudicata by the judgment of the Revenue Court. The present suit was not within the exclusive jurisdiction of the 'Revenue Court and was maintainable in the Civil Court and as such s. 11 of the Code of Civil Procedure was attracted. The judgment of the Revenue Court on the issue of proprietary title could not operate as res judicata as the Revenue Court was not competent to try the subsequent suit.
Venkatarama Rao v. Venkayya, A. 1. R. 1954 Mad. 788 approved.
Held, further, that there was a partition of the family during the lifetime of I,. Every Hindu family is presumed to be joint unless the contrary is proved; but this presumption can be rebutted by direct evidence of partition or by course of conduct leading to an inference of partition. There is no presumption that when one member separates from the others the latter remain united; whether the latter remain united or not must be decided on the facts of each case. in the case of old transactions when no contemporaneous documents are maintained and when most of the active participants of the transactions have passed away, though the burden still remains on the person who asserts separation, it. is permissible to fill up gaps more readily by reasonable inferences than in cases where the evidence is not obliterated by passage of time. The conduct of the parties for about 50 years was consistent with their separation rather than with their jointness. Held, further, that it was not established that there was any reunion between K and his nephews. Reunion must be strictly proved. To constitute reunion there must be an intention of the parties to reunite in estate and interest. It is implicit in the concept of a reunion that there shall be an agreement between the parties to reunite in estate -with an intention to revert to their former status of a joint Hindu family. It is not necessary that there should be a formal and express agreement to reunite; such an agreement can be established by clear evidence of conduct incapable of explanation
442
on any other footing. In, the plaint it was not alleged that a reunion had taken place by agreement but the court was asked to hold that there was reunion on the ground that the conduct of parties amounted to a reunion. The conduct of the parties spreading over 50 years did not show that K and his nephews had consciously entered into an agreement to reunite and become members of a joint Hindu family. Palani Ammal v. Muthuvenkatacharla Maniagar, (1924) 52 I.A. 83, Venkataramayya v. Tatayya, A.I.R. 1943 Mad, 538 and Ramadin v. Gokul prasad, A.I.R. 1959 M.P. 251, referred to. It is not possible under the Hindu law for some members only belonging to different branches or even to a single branch of a family to constitute a subordinate joint Hindu family. Any property jointly acquired by such members cannot become joint family Property and would be governed by the terms of the agreement between them under which it was acquired. The principle of joint tenancy is unknown to Hindu law except in the case of the joint property of an undivided Hindu family governed by the Mitakshara law which under that law passes by survivorship.
Sundaraman Maistri v. Narasimhulu Maistri, (1902) I.L.R, 25 Mad. 149, Chakra Kannan v. Kunhi Pokkar, (1916) I.L.R, 39 Mad 317. The Official Assignee v. Neelambal Ammal (1933) 65 M.L.J. 798, Himmat Bahadur v. Bhawani Kumar (1908) I.L.R. 30 All 352, Jogeshwar Narain Deo v. Ram Chund Dutt, (1896) L.R. 23 I.A 37 and Babu Bani v. Bajendra Baksh Singh (1933) L.R. 60 I.A.:95, approved.
Nathu Lal v. Babu Ram, (1936) L.R. 63 I.A. 155 and Ramprashad Tewarry v. Sheachuran Doss, (1866) 10 M.I.A. 490 referred to.
Sham Narain v. The, Court of Wards (1873) 20 W. R. 197, overruled.
JUDGMENT:
CIVIL APPELLATE, JURISDICTION Civil Appeal No. 448 of 1958. Appeal from the judgment and decree dated May 7, 1944, of the Allahabad High Court in First Appeal No. 486 of 1944. M. C. Setalvad, Attorney-General for India and B. D. Sharma, for the appellant.
A. V. Viswanatha Sastri, S. N. Andley. Rameshwar Nath and P.L.V. Vohra, for the respondent.
443
1961. September 4. The judgment of the court was delivered by
SUBBA RAO,, J. -This is an appeal by certificate granted by the High Court at Allahabad against its judgment dated May 7, 1954 setting aside the decree made by the Civil Judge, Agra, in a suit filed by the appellant for a declaration that the properties more particularly mentioned in Schedules B, C and D annexed to the plaint, were his absolute properties.
To appreciate the facts and the contentions of the parties, the following relevant part of the genealogy will be useful. Pt. Lachhman Prasad
|
---------------------------------
| |
Pt. Kashi Ram Pt. Jwala Prasad
|
Mst. Batashi |
------------------------------------------- | | | |
Raghubar Banwari Bhagwan Ram
Dayal Lal Dayal Lal
=
Mat. Reoti Devi |
| |
Mat. Dayavati Ajudhia Prasad
The date of death of Lachhman Prasad does not appear in the record. Jwala Prasad died in 1908 Kashi Ram, in 1924; Ram Lal, in 1914; Banwari Lal, in 1914; and Raghubar Dayal, in 1933. The ancestral house of the family was in village Naugaien, district Farrukhabad. The plaintiff's case is that Lachhman Prasad, his sons and descendants constituted a joint Hindu family, that there was never a partition in the family, that three of the members of the said family, namely, Kashi Ram, Raghubar Dayal and Bhagwan Dayal, jointly startled a business at Agra, that they jointly acquired some properties and houses during the. lifetime of Kashi Ram, some
444
after his death, and others after the death of Raghubar Dayal, and that the said properties were the. joint family properties of the said members, under the Hindu law. His further case in that after the death of Kashi Ram, the business and the properties acquired during's life time devolved upon the plaintiff land Raghubar Dayal by survivorship, and that after the death of Raghubar Dayal the said properties along with the properties acquired during the lifetime of Raghubar Dayal passed on by survivorship exclusively to the plaintiff. The properties. described in :Schedule A are the ancestral properties; those described in Schedule B are the properties acquired jointly by the said three members during the life-time of Kashi Ram; these described in Schedule C are properties acquired by Raghubar Dayal and the plaintiff after the death of Kashi Ram; and the D Schedule properties are those acquired by the plaintiff after the death of Raghubar Dayal. Alternatively, it is alleged that even on the assumption that there wag a partition in the family of Lachhman Prasad, a reunion should be inferred from the conduct of the said three members during the lifetime of Kashi Ram and thereafter. It is further alleged that the defendant, the widow of Raghubar Dayal, filed suits in the Revenue Court under the provisions of the U. P. Tenancy Act for half a share in the income of mauza Chaoli Chak Soyam Nagla Kasheroo and mauza Chak Chaharam Talab Firoz Khan that the said Revenue Court, framed an issue raising the question of title to the said properties and sent the same for decision to the Civil Court, as it should do under the provisions of the said Act, that the learned District Munsif held in Suit No. 15 of 1939, a suit filed in respect of mauza Chaoli, that the plaintiff therein had title to ahalf share in the said village, that the Revenue Court, on the basis of the said finding, gave a decree in her favour in respect of half a share of-the income of the I said village and that 445
the said decree was taken on appeal to the District Court, and also, on further appeal, to the High Court, but without success i.e., the decree of the District Munsif wag confirmed, and that the suits in respect of other villages are still pending. The plaintiff (appellant herein) says that the said finding of the Revenue Court does not operate as res judicata in the present suit, and that he is entitled to reagitate the matter. On those allegations the present suit was filed in the court of the Civil Judge, Agra, for a declaration of the plaintiff 's title to the properties described in Schedules B, C and D annexed to the plaint and for a permanent injunction restraining the defendant from executing the decree in Suit No. 15 of 1939. The defendant (respondent herein) in her written-statement alleges that the family of Lachhman Prasad wag divided, that Kashi Ram started a business in Agra only with the aid of his self acquisitions and purchased properties out of the income derived therefrom, that after the death of Kashi Ram the two brothers, Raghubar Dayal and Bhagwan Dayal (plaintiff), got his properties under a will executed by him, that they jointly acquired further properties from and out of the income of the business started by Kashi Ram, and that after the death of Raghubar Dayal the defendant suc- ceeded to the interest of Raghubar Dayal and that, therefore, she was entitled to an equal share in B, C and D Schedule properties along with the plaintiff. She further pleads that' the decision of the Revenue Court in Suit No. 15 of 1939, holding that the brothers were not members of a joint family and that, therefore, she succeeded to the, interests of her husband, Raghubar Dayal, in the joint pro- perties, operated as res judicata in respect of the plaintiff's entire claim.
The suit was tried by the Civil Judge, Agra, and' the learned Judge gave the following findings: (1) the judgment and decree of the Revenue Court
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in Suit No. 15 of 1939 operated as res judicata. on the question of title of the defendant only in respect of the half share claimed by her in mauza Chaoli ; (2) there was a, partition of the larger family, and that Kashi Ram, Raghubar Dayal and Bhagwan Dayal were the divided members of the ,said joint family; (3) there was no: reunion between the said members; (4) Kashi Ram had. validly bequeathed his properties under a will to his two nephews; and (5) there was a reunion between Raghubar Dayal and Bhagwan Dayal and, therefore, on the death of Raghubar Dayal, Bhgwan Dayal acquired his interest in the plaint schedule properties by survivorship. On the said findings the Civil Judge declared- the plaintiff's absolute title to the properties described in Schedules B, C and D, except in regard to a half share in mauza Chaoli. The defendant preferred an appeal against that decree to the High Court and the plaintiff preferred cross-objections in respect of his claim disallowed by the Civil Judge. The appeal was heard by a division bench of that Court consisting of Agarwala and Gurtu, JJ. The two learned Judges gave different findings but came to the same conclusion in holding against the plaintiff.
Briefly stated, the findings of Agarwala, J., are as follows: (1) The evidence on the record is not sufficient to establish partition in the family. (2) Though as a matter of law two or more members of a larger Hindu family not belonging to the same branch can form a smaller joint family and acquire properties with all the attributes of a joint Hindu 'family property, in the instant case the evidence does not establish that Kashi Ram,, Raghubar Dayal and Bhagwan Dayal constituted such a unit and acquired the properties; the properties were the self-acquired properties of Kashi Ram, but were bequeathed 'by him 'in equal shares to Raghubar Dayal and Bhagwan Dayal, and- after 447
his death they held those properties and those acquired subsequently only as co-tenants and not as members of a joint Hindu family. (3) The finding of the Revenue Court in Suit No. 15 of 1939 does not operate as. res judicata in respect of any properties in the suit. In the result, the learned Judge held that the properties described in Schedules B, C and D were owned by the plaintiff and the defendant in equal shares.
Gurtu, J., gave the following findings : (1) There was a separation between, Kashi Ram and Jwala Prasad and also between the sons of Jwala Prasad. (2) Two brothers out of four and an uncle cannot in law form a distinct corporate family with the incidents of a joint family and acquire properties for that unit. (3) Kashi Ram could never reunite with his nephews as a matter of law, because Kashi Ram had separated from Jwala Prasad when Raghubar Dayal and Bhagwan Dayal were not even born; nor did he unite with them as a matter of fact. (4) The judgment, of the Revenue Court in regard to the question of title would operate as res judicata in respect of the plaintiffs entire claim to the estate of Raghubar Dayal. And' (5) the plaintiff and Raghubar Dayal held the properties only as co-tenants. The learned Judge, though for different reasons, agreed with the conclusion arrived at by Agarwala, J. In the result, the High Court allowed the appeal filed by the defendant and dismissed the cross-objections filed by the plaintiff : the suit of the plaintiff was dismissed with costs through out. Hence the present appeal.
We shall first take the question whether the judgment of the Revenue Court passed on the findings recorded 'by the District Munsif in Suit No.15 of 1939 operates as res judicata in the present suit in respect of the plaintiff's right to succeed to the share of her husband, Raghubar Dayal, in the joint properties. Some of the facts relevant to the
448
question may be recapitulated. The respondent Reoti Devi filed Suit No. 15 of 1939 in the Revenue Court for recovery of her share of profits of village. Chaoli against Bhagwan Dayal in respect of 1343, 1344 and 1345, fasli on the ground that she was his cosharer. The present appellant, who was the defendant in that suit, contested the suit, inter, alia on the ground that he and his deceased brother constituted members of a joint Hindu family and that OD his brother's death his interest in the entire joint family property devolved on him by right of survivorship. As the defendant raised the question of title, the Revenue Court framed an issue on the question of title raised in the pleadings and referred the same to the Civil Court for decision under s. 271 of the Agra Tenancy Act 1926 (hereinafter called the Act). The learned District Munsif decided the issue against the appellant herein, with the result that the Revenue Court made a decree on the basis of that finding in favorer of the respondent herein. Against the said: decree, the appellant preferred an appeal (No. 65 of 1941) to the'District Court, Agra but that appeal was dismissed. The second appeal filed by him in the High Court of'Allahabad was also dismissed. The result of that litigation was that a decree was given in favour of the respondent herein for recovery of her share of the profits of village Chaoli. The question is whether the said decree operated as res judicata in the present suit. The learned Judges of the High Court differed on the question of res judicata ; Agarwala, J., held that the said decision of the Revenue Court in Suit No. 15 of 1939 did not operate as res judicata while Guru, J., held that it did. Learned Attorney-General contended that the decision in Suit No. 15 of 1939 would not operate as res judicata on the present suit for two reasons, namely, (1) in the previous suit, the question of title was decided by a Civil Court and, therefore, S. 11 of the Code of Civil. procedure in terms was
449
attracted,; and, as that Court was not competent to try the present suit, the decision therein would not operate, as res judicata ; (2) even if the original suit must be deemed to have been decided by a Revenue Court, that Court had no exclusive jurisdiction to decide the present suit and, therefore, any decision therein would not operate as res judicata on the present suit for the same reason, viz., that the Court was not competent to, try the present suit. Mr. A. V. Viswanatha Sastri learned counsel for the respondent, on the other hand, contended that, though the question of title was decided by a Civil Court, the final decision was that of the Revenue Court, that the subject- matter of the present suit was within the exclusive jurisdiction of that Court and that, therefore, the present suit was not maintainable. That apart, he contended that as the subject-matter of the present suit was within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Revenue, Court, the decision of that Court on the question of title would be res judicata in the present suit not under s.11 of the Code of Civil Procedure but under the general principles of res- judicata, ; for, it is said that in the case of a decision of a Court of exclusive jurisdiction s. 11 is not applicable and therefore,, under the general principles of res judicata, the condition that the court which decided the previous suit should be- competent to try the subsequent suit need not be. complied with.
Before addressing ourselves to the question raised, it. would be necessary to notice some of the relevant provisions of the Act.
Section 227. (1) A co-sharer may sue another- for a settlement of accounts, and for his share of the profits of a mahal, or of any part thereof.
(2)In any such suit when it is proved or admitted that either party has made collections the amount of which is in issue. he
450
shall, be bound to furnish &true account of such collections. If he fails to do so the court may make any presumption against him which it considers reasonable. Section 230 : Subject to the provisions of section 271 all suits , and applications of the nature specified in the Fourth Schedule shall he heard and determined by the revenue courts, and, no Courts.. other than a revenue Court shall 'except by way of appeal or revision as provided in this Act, take cognizance of any suit or application, or of any suit or application based on a cause of action in respect of which 'relief could be obtained by means of any such suit or application.;
Explanation.,-If the cause of action is one in respect of which relief might be granted, by the revenue court it is immaterial that the relief asked from the civil courts may not be, identical with that which the revenue court could have granted.
Section 271 (1) If(a) .............
(b) in any suit instituted under 'Chapter XIV the defendant pleads that the plaintiff has not got the proprietary right entitling him to institute the suit,
and such question of proprietary right, has not been already determined by a I court of competent jurisdiction the revenue court shall frame an issue on ,the. question of proprietary right and submit the record to the competent civil court for the decision,of that issue only. (2) The civil court after re-framing the, issue, if necessary, shall decide that issue only and return the record together with its
451
finding on that issue, to. the revenue court which submitted it.
(3) The revenue court shall then proceed to decide the suit, accepting the finding of the civil court on the issue referred to it.
(4) Every decree of a revenue court ,.passed in a suit in which an issue involving a question of proprietary, right has been decided by a civil court under sub-section (2) of this section shall
(a) if the question of proprietary right is in issue also in appeal, be applicable to the civil court which has jurisdiction to hear appeals from the court to which the issue of proprietary right has been referred
(b) if the question of proprietary right is not in issue in appeal be applicable to the
revenue court.
The Fourth Schedule-Group A-Suits.
------------------------------------------------------------ Section
Serial.No. of Description of suit..... Act.
----------------------------------------------------------- 15 227
By a CO-Sharer against a,
co-sharer for a' settlement
of accounts and
his share of the profits
of the mahal, or if any
part thereof.
---------------------------------------------------------- Section 264. The provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, except:--
(a), provisions inconsistent with any thing in this Acts so far the inconsistency extends,, 452
(b) provisions applicable only to special suits or proceedings outside the scope of this Act, and (c)the provisions contained ill list 1 of the Second Schedule,
shall' apply to all suits and other proceedings under this Act, subject to; the modifications contained in list If of the Second Schedule.
The gist of the said provisions may be stated thus;: One of the co-sharers call file, a suit against another co-sharer for settlement of accounts and for his share of the profits of a Mahal or any part thereof. If the defendant denies the plaintiff's proprietary right all issue on the, question of title is raised and sent to the civil court for decision. -The revenue court shall accept the finding of the civil court and decide the suit accordingly. An appeal would lie against that decree to a court which has jurisdiction to hear appeals from the court to which the question; wage referred. The "Revenue Court has exclusive jurisdiction to -decide ,suits of the, nature described in Fourth Schedule. One of, the suits mentioned in the Fourth Schedule is a suit by a co-sharer against a co-sharer for a settlement of accounts and his share of the profits of the Mahal, or of any part thereof. No other court shall take cognizance based upon a cause of action in respect of which relief can be obtained by any such suit.
The first query is whether, the present suit is based on a cause of action in respect of which relief can be obtained by means, of a suit specified in the Fourth 1 Schedule to the Act. The present suit is for a declaration of the plaintiff's title to the plaint schedule properties; and for- ant injunction restraining the, execution of the decree obtained by the defendant in the Revenue Court. The plaintiff claims title to the suit properties on the ground 453
that he, was a member of a joint Hindu family along with his deceased brother -,and, therefore he succeeded to his share by right of survivorship; The question is whether such a suit is in the nature of suits specified in the Fourth Schedule to the Act. The said Schedule does not provide for any suit by a person claiming to be the proprietor of a property and in possession thereof praying for a declaration of his title -and for an,, injunction against another who is trying to interfere with his title. If so, under s. 230 of the Act, the Revenue Court has no exclusive jurisdiction to entertain a suit of the nature that is before us. If it is not a suit of that nature, under that section, the civil court's jurisdiction is not ousted. A full bench of the Madras High,.Court had occasion to consider a similar ques- tion arising under the Madras Estates, Land Act, 1908 in Venkatarama .Rao v. Venkayya(1). There, certain tenants filed a petition under s. 40 of the Madras Estates Land Act, 1908 in the revenue, court for commutation of rent against the landholders. The landholders raised the plea that the village iii which the petitioners' lands were situated was not an estate and, therefore the petition was not maintainable in the revenue court. The Revenue Divisional Officer held that it was not an estate and on that finding dismissed the petition. The matter was taken up on appeal to the District Court and thereafter to the High Court without success. Subsequently, the landlords filed a suit in the 'Civil Court against the, tenants for -An injunction restraining them from removing the paddy crops standing on the suit lands until the rent was paid to them. The landholders raised the plea, that the decision of the revenue court holding that the village was not an estate was binding on the civil court,. The full bench of the Madras High Court, held that the said finding was not binding on the civil court. Adverting, to s. 189(3) of the (1) A. I. R. 1954 Mad. 788.
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Madras Estates land Act, which corresponds to a. 230 of the present Act, the learned Judges observed thug at p. 790 "Therefore, it is clear that it is only in respect of such disputes or matters as are covered 'by the 'its or applications specified in s.189(1) that the revenue court can be said to have exclusive 'jurisdiction, that is, jurisdiction to the exclusion of a civil court.
x x x x x
If a particular matter is one which does not fall within the exclusive jurisdiction of the revenue court, then a decision of a revenue court on such a matter, which might be inci- dentally given by the revenue court, cannot be binding on the parties in a civil court." We agree with the said observations. On the same analogy, the present suit was not within the exclusive jurisdiction of the revenue court and, therefore the suit in the civil court was maintainable. If so, s.11 of the Code of Civil Procedure is immediately attracted to the present suit. The relevant part of s. 11 of the Code reads:
"No Court shall try any suit or issue in which the matter directly and substantially in issue has bee n directly and substantially in
issue in a former slut between the same parties or-between parties under whom they or any of them claim, litigating under the same title, in a Court competent to try such subsequent suit or the suit in, which such issue has been subsequently raised, and has been heard and finally decided by such Court. In this case the title to properties now put in issue was tried in the revenue court. But that court is not competent to try the present suit in which the, same issue' is raised. It follows that in terms of s.11 of the Code, the decision on the said issue in the revenue court could not operate as res judicata
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for the necessary condition of competency of that court to try the present suit is lacking.
In this view, it is not necessary to consider the differences between the'scope of the priniciple of res judicata covered by s. 11 of the 'Code 'of Civil Procedure and that of the principle of res judicata de hors the said section.. Nor is it necessary to express our view on the question 'whether the decision on the question of title in the previous suit was that of a revenue court or. of a 'civil court. We, therefore, reject the plea. of res judicata.
We shall next take the question of partition in the larger family. ,,Learned Attorney General contends that the finding of Agarwala, J., that there was a partition of- the larger family is correct and is supported by evidence in the case. Mr. Viswanatha Sastri, learned counsel for the respondent. contests the correctness of both the legal and factual submissions made by the learned Attorney General. His argument may be briefly summarized thus : The members of the family were villagers. the ancestral property owned by them was insignificant, its income was small, the partition must have taken place long ago and, in these. Circumstances neither documentary evidence nor the evidence of the elders is available but there is sufficient evidence on the record to sustain the' finding of partition given by the learned Civil Judge and Gurtu, J.
The general principle is that every Hindu family is presumed to be joint unless the contrary is proved; but this presumption can be rebutted by direct evidence or by course of conduct. It is also settled that there is no presumption that when one member separates from others that the latter remain united ; whether the latter remain 'united or not must be decided on the facts of 'each case. To these it may be added that in the case 'of old transactions, when no 'contemporaneous documents are maintained and when most of the active
456
participants in the transactions have passed away, though the burden still remains on the person who asserts that there was a partition, it is permissible to fill up gaps more readily by reasonable inferences than in a case where the evidence is not obliterated by passage of time. From this Stand point let us first look at the admitted facts in the case. It is common case that Lachhman Prasad was living with his sons in village Naugaien. He was not in affluent circumstances. The particulars of the ancestral property are given in Schedule A ; it comprised certain lands and houses in village Naugaien. Bhagwan Dayal, the plaintiff-appellant, in his deposition admits that the income of the land was about Rs.80/- per year, though subsequently it was enhanced to a sum of Rs.100/- per year. He admits that they (meaning, thereby Kashi Ram, Raghubar Dayal and Bhagwan Dayal used to get a sum of Rs 5/- or Rs.10/- a year from the land. It is clear from this that they were getting not the entire income from the land but only a part of it,
,There is no evidence to show when Lachhman Prasad died; but it is not disputed that Kashi Ram left the ancestral home Iona ago and had joined military services at Gwalior and thereafter police service in or about 1895. He gave up the service and came to Agra and started a business with his savings. There is nothing on the record, except the assertion made by Bhagwan Dayal in his deposition, to -show that Kashi Ram as manager either received the entire income from the ancestral property or paid any taxes in respect thereof. Raghubar Dayal says that rent of the said holdings was entirely in the accounts maintained by Kashi Ram; but they were not produced. Kashi Ram executed a will on September 13, 1919. Under that will he gave the entire properties to his two nephews, and it cannot be suggested that it was,
457
executed to defraud any person. There is a faint suggestion that the said will was executed to bar the claim of his daughter. In that document he does not say that he was a member of a joint Hindu family. The assertion that he was a member of a joint Hindu family would have barred the claims, of his daughter more effectively if that was his intention in executing the document. Be it as it may, the will, which, in our view, was an honest attempt on. the part of the testator to give his properties to his nephews, does not contain any assertion that he was a member of a joint Hindu family. A number of documents were executed by or in his documents there is a recital that he was a member of a joint Hindu family. This consistent conduct also indicates that Kashi Ram, never considered himself to be a member of any undivided Hindu family.
Bhagwan Dayal admits in his evidence that Ram Lail. his youngest brother, who was killed in the War in 1914, did not live with him and that his family and the family of Ram Lal were separate from each other and were not joint. He also concedes that Banwari Lal, his elder brother, who died in the year 1914, was also separate from him. There is nothing on record to show that these two brothers alone separated from the main family before 1914. The concession that they were separate members supports to a large extent, the theory that there must have been a partition in the larger family. Reoti Devi, the defendant-respondent, in her evidence says that her marriage took place about 30 years ago. Her evidence discloses that her father-in-law, Jwala Prasad war, alive at the time of her marriage. She says that when she came to -her husband's house, Kashi Ram and her father-inlaw lived separately in Naugaien, that they were cultivating separately and that thereafter he went favour during his lifetime, but in none of them
458
away to Gwalior to serve in the army. The evidence of this witness is not very helpful as regards the particulars of the partition but it discloses that the 'brothers were living separately and earning their livelihood. This evidence is further reinforced by the fact that in regard to the ancestral property the names of the different members of the family, including Reoti Devi, are entered in the Government accounts against different portions of the said property. Lastly, there was never any dispute between Kashi Ram and the sons of Jwala Prasad, or between the four brothers in respect of the income from the ancestral land. That could be explained only on the hypothesis that the said property was divided and the members of the family were getting their share of the income 'therefrom. This conduct of the parties for about 50 years was consistent with their partition rather than their joint status. On the whole, on a consideration of the material placed before us, we cannot say that the finding given by the learned Civil Judge and accepted by Gurtu, J., is not supported by evidence. We accept, the said finding.
The next. question is whether there was a reunion between Kashi Ram, Raghubar Dayal and Bhagwan Dayal. The learned Attorney-General contends that on the assumption that there was a partition of the family, the consistent conduct of the parties for a period of 50 years unambiguously establishes that there was a reunion between Kashi Ram, Raghubar Dayal and Bhagwan Dayal during the lifetime of Kashi Ram, or at any rate there was a reunion after the death of Kashi Ram bet- ween Raghubar Dayal and Bhagwan Dayal. Mr. Viswanatha Sastri on the other hand, argues that when there was a partition in the family, the members of the family who allege a reunion must strictly prove the same,. and that the documentary evidence filed in this case spread over a long period of time is destructive of any, such, claim. 459
For the correct approach to this question, it .would be convenient to quote at the outset the observation of the Judicial Committee in Palani Ammal V. Muthuvenkatacharla Moniagar(1)
"It is also quite clear that if a joint Hindu family separates, the family or any members of it may agree to reunite as a joint Hindu family, but such a reuniting is for obvious reasons, which would apply in many oases under the law of the Mitakshara, of very rare occurrence, and when it happens it must be strictly proved as any other disputed fact is proved. The leading authority for that last proposition is Balabux Ladhuram v. Bukhmabai(1)".
It is also well settled that to constitute a reunion there must be an intention of the parties to reunite in estate and interest. It is implicit in the concept of a reunion that there shall be an agreement between the parties to. reunite in estate with an intention to revert to their former status of members of a joint Hindu family. Such an agreement :need not be express, but may be implied from the conduct of the parties alleged to have reunited. But the conduct must be of such an incontrovertible character that an agreement of reunion must be necessarily implied therefrom. As the burden is heavy on a party asserting reunion, ambiguous pieces of conduct equally consistent with a reunion or ordinary joint enjoyment cannot sustain a plea of reunion. The legal position has been neatly summarized in Mayne's Hindu Law, 11th edn., thus at p. 569:
"As the presumption is in favour of union until a partition is made out, so after a par- tition the presumption would be against a reunion. To establish it, it is necessary to show, not only that the parties 'already
(1) (1924) L.R. 52. I.A. 83, 86. (2) (1903) L.R. 30 I.A 190,
460
divided, lived, or traded together, but that they did so with the intention of thereby altering their status and of farming a joint estate with all its, usual incidents It requires very cogent evidence to satisfy. the burden of establishing that by agreement between them, the divided members of a joint Hindu. family have succeeded. in so altering their status an to bring themselves within all the rights and obligations that follow from the fresh formation of a joint undivided Hindu family."
As we give our full assent to these observations, we need not pursue the matter with further citations except to consider two decisions strongly relied upon by the learned Attorney General. Venkataramayya v. Tatayya (1) is a decision of a division bench, of the Madras High Court. It was.. pointed out there that "mere, jointness in residence, food or worship or a mere trading together cannot bring about the conversion of the divided status into a joint one with all the usual incidents of jointness in estate and interest-unless an intention to become reunited. in the sense of the Hindu law is clearly established. The said proposition is unexceptionable,, and indeed, that is the well settled law. But on, the facts of that case, the learned Judges came to the conclusion that there was a reunion. The partition there was effected between a father and his sons by the. first wife. One of the sons was a minor. The question was whether there was a reunion between the brothers soon after the alleged partition. The learned Judges held that as between the sons there was never any reason for separation inter se and' that the evidence disclosed that on their conduct no explanation other than reunion was possible. They also pointed out that though at the time of partition one of the brothers *us a minor, sifter he attained majority, he, accepted the position of reunion. The observation& relied upon by the learned Attorney General read thus
(1) A.I.R. 1943 Mad. 538.
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"In our view, it is not necessary that there should be a formal and express agreement to re-,unite. 'Such an agreement can be estab- lished by clear evidence of conduct incapable of explanation on any other footing."
This' principle also is unexceptionable. But the facts 'of that case are entirely different from those in the present case, and the conclusion arrived at by the learned Judges cannot help us in arriving at a finding in the instant case. Nor does the decision of the Madhya Pradesh High :Court in Ramadin v. Gokul prasad (1) carry the matter further. Therein the learned Judges restated the correct principle, namely, that in order to constitute a reunion there must be an agreement, express or implied, on the part of the members who separate, to reunite in estate and interest., and that in-the absence of a registered document, the agreement has to be inferved from subsequent conduct of the parties. On the fact,% of the case before them, the learned Judges came to the conclusion that there was a reunion. This case only restates a well settled principle; and the court's cannot help us in deciding the present case.
Before we consider the evidence, we would like to make some general observations. In the plaint, the case of reunion is mentioned as an alternative case:; further the plaint does not give the date of the alleged agreement to reunite or even the necessary and relevant particulars. The :plea is stated in the following words :
" That even if it were assumed against facts strictly without prejudice to any plea herein taken, that there was separation between Pandit Lachhman Prasad's issues after his death, still in view of the conduct of Pandit Kashi Ram and Raghubar Dayal during their lifetime, and the.fact that the plainteff
(1) A.I.R. 1959 M.P. 251.
462
pandit Raghubar Dayal and pandit Kashi Ram (and after the latter's death the first two) worked jointly and lived and messed together and acquired , owned and possessed the entire properties jointly by their joint labour, which amounted to reunion, the plaintiff would still be the sole owner of the entire property in any view of the case."
The plaintiff's case is that there was no partition of the larger family at all ; and on that case no question of reunion arises. Further, he does not say that a reunion has taken place by agreement ; but he asks the court to hold that there was a reunion on the ground that the conduct of the parties amounted to a reunion. The Plea, to say the least., indicates that the plaintiff himself is not clear of his case.
The next circumstance is that neither Kashi Ram nor Raghubar Dayal and Bhagwan Dayal bring in any joint family property either to start the business or to make joint acquisitions. On the other hand, the entire capital for the business was furnished by Kashi Ram ; and., under those circumstances, it is not likely that there would have been any con-. scions act of reunion between the members of the divided family. Further, the business was started in 1885, and, it is in evidence that Raghubar Dayal joined Kashi Ram in the said business in 1889 and Bhagwan Dayal between 1893 and 1902. Raghubar Dayal in his evidence says that when he came to Agra, he was about 8 or 9 years old. If so, it follows that there could not have been any reunion before he attained majority. In Revenue Appeal No. 65 of 1941, it was not disputed that Raghubar Dayal was also a minor when Kashi Ram started his business. It is not clear from the record when Raghubar Dayal became' major. He could not have reunited with Kashi Ram before he attained majority. 463
The evidence may be considered in the following three parts: (1) the period between 1885, when Kashi Ram started the business, and 1924, when he died; (2) the period between 1924 and 1933 i. e., from the year when Kashi Ram died to the year when Raghubar Dayal died; and (3) the, period between 1933 and 1939 when the dispute between the parties came to the forefront.
The first set of documents pertaining to the first period are 10 sale deeds whereunder properties were acquired in the joint names of Kashi Ram, Raghubar Dayal and Bhagwan Dayal. As the relevant recitals in all these documents are similar, it would be sufficient if we look at the earliest document, Ex. 58, dated August 24, 1903 and the last, Ex. 33, dated November 27, 1916. Under Ex. 58 the property mentioned therein was purchased from one Shyam Lal. The relevant recitals described the vandees thus
" ...... Kashi Kam, son of Lachhman Prasad, Raghubar Dayal and Bhagwan Dayal, sons of Jawala Prasad.............."
It records that consideration was received from the said there persons. Ex. 33 is also a sale deed, and the vendors and vendees are the same as in Ex. 58. Here also the vendees are described in the same manner. Their occupation is given as "money-lenders". The eastern boundary of the property sold is described as ",,Walls of the shops and shop of Pandit Kashi Ram". There' is a recital in the body of the document that the vendor had no coparcener. One prominent feature that ,stands out in the document is that neither Kashi Ram is described as manager of the joint family nor Kashi Ram and his nephews as members of a joint Hindu family. In the second document the vendor in describing himself says that he has no coparcener, but in describing the vendees. he does not describe them as coparceners, and in giving one of the

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