Section 3A(2) only embodies a Rule of evidence which command the department to presume certain facts. Such presumptions are not unknown to law. Whereas presumptions are Rules of evidence for determining the existence or otherwise of certain facts in issue in a litigation. "Presumptions were inferences which the judges were directed to draw from certain states of facts in certain cases, and these presumptions were allowed a certain amount of weight in the scale of proof; such a presumption and such evidence amounted to full proof, such another to half full, and so on." Nothing was brought to notice to say that a non-sovereign law making body cannot make a Rule of evidence containing a presumption. Agricultural Market Committee v. Shalimar Chemical Works Ltd. is not an authority for the proposition that a presumption cannot be created by subordinate legislation. [31] and[32]
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
Civil Appeal No. 7823, 7825 and 7824 of 2014
Decided On: 24.03.2017
Bhuwalka Steel Industries Ltd. and Ors.
Vs.
Union of India (UOI) and Ors.
Hon'ble Judges/Coram:
Jasti Chelameswar and Abhay Manohar Sapre, JJ.
Rule 96ZP of the Central Excise Rules, 1944 prescribes an elaborate procedure to be followed by the manufacturers of 'Non-Alloy Steel Hot Re-rolled products" falling under various heads of the Excise Tariff Act, 1985. Section 3A(3) authorised the Central Government to specify the rate at which the central excise duty is leviable on NOTIFIED GOODS by notification. It was in exercise of the power Under Section 3A(3), Rule 96ZP was made prescribing a fixed rate of duty per metric tonne on the goods manufactured by the Appellant. Rule 96ZP was applicable to the products of the Appellants. Under Rule 96ZP(1)3, the manufacturer of the goods falling under the ambit of Rule 96ZP is required to debit an amount calculated at the rate of Rs. 400/- per metric tonne on the "non-alloy steel hot re-rolled products" at the time of the clearance of the goods from his factory.
The Annual Capacity of Production (ACP) of the concerned factories was determined by different orders. The ACP so determined was less than the actual production of each one of the factories for the financial year. Therefore, the ACP was "deemed" to be the same as the actual production for the financial year 1996-1997 in view of the mandate contained under Rule 5 of the RULES of 1997. Aggrieved by the determination of the ACP each of the Appellants pursued multiple legal proceedings. They appealed to the CESTAT, they invoked the authority of the Commissioner of Central Excise under Sub-section (4) of Section 3A and simultaneously, they filed petitions challenging the validity of the abovementioned Rule 5 in the High Court. The validity of Rule 5 of the RULES of 1997 was challenged on two grounds, firstly, the Rule is ultra vires the authority conferred Under Section 3A of THE ACT; and the Rule is violative of Article 14 of the Constitution of India. Because the Rule creates two classes of manufacturers (i) whose ACP is determined to be more than their actual production in the financial year 1996-97 and whose ACP is determined to be less than their actual production for the financial year 1996-97; and imposes an irrational tax burden on the 2nd of the abovementioned two classes of manufacturers falling within the ambit of the RULES of 1997. The petitions came to be dismissed by the judgment of the Single Judge of the High Court. The Appellants carried the matter by way of an intra-court appeal to a Division Bench of the High Court. The Division Bench of the High Court dismissed the appeals. Hence, the present appeals.
Held:
(i) Section 3 of THE ACT, as it existed at the relevant point of time authorised the levy and collection of a duty of excise on all excisable goods which are produced or manufactured in India. The rates of duty for the various classes of goods are stipulated from time to time under the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985. Section 4 of THE ACT stipulated the method and manner of determination of the value of the goods for the purpose of the determination of the duty liability of the manufacturers who manufacture or produce goods which are chargeable to duty with respect to their value. [22]
(ii) Section 3A(2) only embodies a Rule of evidence which command the department to presume certain facts. Such presumptions are not unknown to law. Whereas presumptions are Rules of evidence for determining the existence or otherwise of certain facts in issue in a litigation. "Presumptions were inferences which the judges were directed to draw from certain states of facts in certain cases, and these presumptions were allowed a certain amount of weight in the scale of proof; such a presumption and such evidence amounted to full proof, such another to half full, and so on." Nothing was brought to notice to say that a non-sovereign law making body cannot make a Rule of evidence containing a presumption. Agricultural Market Committee v. Shalimar Chemical Works Ltd. is not an authority for the proposition that a presumption cannot be created by subordinate legislation. [31] and[32]
(iii) Definition a "fiction always conflicts with the reality whereas presumption may be proved to be true". It therefore follows that there is no possibility of a fiction being rebutted by evidence. The belief flowing from Section 3A(2) regarding the annual production of a manufacturer could be rebutted by adducing evidence. Section 3A(4) provides for such rebuttal. Therefore, Section 3A(2) embodies only a Rule of evidence (presumption) but does not create a legal fiction. The language employed by the draftsman is likely to mislead to a conclusion that a fiction is created. But on a true and proper construction of the entire Section 3A the only possible conclusion is that Section 3A(2) embodies only a presumption (rule of evidence). [38]
(iv) Rule 5 provides that the determination of the ACP made in accordance with the procedure contained in Rule 3 was liable for correction in some cases, in the circumstances indicated therein. But the benefit of Section 3A(4) i.e. the right to rebut the presumption regarding the annual production is denied to a sub-class of manufacturers falling under Rule 96ZP(3)) who are also a part of a larger class falling under the Scheme of Rule 96ZP of the Central Excise Rules, 1944. [39] and[40]
(v) After availing the scheme for a month by paying the duty in advance, if the Assessee ends up in a situation of not being able to produce the quantum of goods equivalent to 1/12 of his ACP, there was no reason which compels the Assessee to continue the availment of concessional rate of duty (for the next month) on a quantum of production which he is unable to achieve. The Assessee must have an option to make the payment of duty in accordance with Rule 96ZP(1) at a higher rate but on the actual production. For those Assessees who chose to pay the duty at higher rate in accordance with Sub-rule (1) the benefit of Section 3A(4) is available. The Rule does not bar it. However the question remains how frequently the Assessee is entitled to exercise such an option; whether it is annual or monthly is a matter which requires a further examination. [47]
(vi) In Commissioner of Central Excise & Customs v. Venus Castings (P) Ltd., the present Court held that both the Rules contain scheme of "two alternative procedures to be adopted at the option of the Assessee" and concluded that "the manufacturers, if they have availed the procedure under Rule 96ZO(3) at their option, cannot claim the benefit of determination of production capacity Under Section 3A(4) of the Act which is specifically excluded". The decision in Union of India and Ors. v. Supreme Steels and General Mills and Ors. was rendered by a Bench of three Judges. The vires of Rule 96ZO was directly in issue in Supreme Steels. This Court in Venus Castings noted that "in these proceedings the validity of the provisions of the Rules is not in challenge but only their interpretation and application have to be examined". However, the Judges in Supreme Steels opined that the controversy was finally settled by the judgment of this Court in Venus Castings. [51] and[53]
(vii) Rule 96ZO deals with levy, assessment and collection of excise duty on the manufacture of non-alloy steel ingots and billets. Duty on such goods is payable at the rate of Rs. 750/- per metric tonne. Sub-rule (3) prescribes levy and collection of a lump sum of Rs. 5 lakhs per month in cases of those manufacturers who have a total furnace capacity of three metric tonnes installed in their factories. However, such a scheme is available at the option of the Assessee. In other words, a manufacturer has a choice to make a lump sum payment of Rs. 5 lakhs, irrespective of his actual production for that month, in two instalments instead of paying the duty at the rate of Rs. 750/- per metric tonne of the actual production of the manufacturer. Whether the capacity of three metric tonnes in the said Sub-rule is the capacity of the factory per day or per month or per annum is not very clear from the language of the Rule. The expression does not appear to be defined under the Rules. [55]
(viii) It was difficult to accept the submission of the Respondent that the issue was covered by the judgments of the present Court in Venus Castings and Supreme Steels. These two judgments required a further examination. Apart from that, these judgments did not deal with vires of Rule 96ZP(3). However, in view of the fact that Supreme Steels is a decision rendered by a Bench of three Judges, it is appropriate that the question of law be settled by a Bench of an appropriate strength. [58]
JUDGMENT
Jasti Chelameswar, J.
1. These three appeals are factually interconnected and also raise a common question of law.
2. The Appellants in Civil Appeal No. 7823/2014 M/s. Bhuwalka Steel Industries Ltd. originally owned three (3) industrial units (Hot Re-rolling Steel Mills) located in the State of Karnataka. Subsequently, two of those units came to be acquired by the Appellants in the other two appeals in this batch. Further details of the acquisition may not be relevant for the purpose of this judgment.
3. The production activity carried on by the three industrial units of these Appellants is subject to levy of excise duty under the Central Excise & Salt Act, 1944 (hereafter 'THE ACT'). Section 31 of THE ACT is the basic charging section.
4. However, by the Finance Act, 1997, Section 3A2 came to be introduced in THE ACT.
Section 3A. Determination of annual capacity of production of the factory for levy of Excise duty.-(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in Section 3, where the Central Government, having regard to the nature of the process of manufacture or production of excisable goods of any specified description, the extent of evasion of duty in regard to such goods or such other factors as may be relevant, is of the opinion that it is necessary to safeguard the interest of revenue, specify, by notification in the Official Gazette, such goods as notified goods and there shall be levied and collected duty of excise on such goods in accordance with the provisions of this section.
(2) Where a notification is issued under Sub-section (1), the Central Government may, by rules, provide for determination of the annual capacity of production, or such factor or factors relevant to the annual capacity of production of the factory in which such goods are produced, by the Commissioner of Central Excise and such annual capacity of production shall be deemed to be the annual production of such goods by such factory:
Provided that where a factory producing notified goods is in operation only during a part of the year, the production thereof shall be calculated on proportionate basis of the annual capacity of production.
(3) The duty of excise on notified goods shall be levied, at such rate as the Central Government may by notification in the Official Gazette specify, and collected in such manner as may be prescribed:
Provided that, where a factory producing notified goods did not produce the notified goods during any continuous period of not less than seven days, duty calculated on a proportionate basis shall be abated in respect of such period if the manufacturer of such goods fulfils such conditions as may be prescribed.
(4) Where an Assessee claims that the actual production of notified goods in his factory is lower than the production determined under Sub-section (2), the Commissioner of Central Excise shall, after giving an opportunity to the Assessee to produce evidence in support of his claim, determine the actual production and redetermine the amount of duty payable by the Assessee with reference to such actual production at the rate specified in Sub-section (3).
(5) Where the Commissioner of Central Excise determines the actual production under Sub-section (4), the amount of duty already paid, if any, shall be adjusted against the duty so redetermined and if the duty already paid falls short of, or is in excess of, the duty so redetermined, the Assessee shall pay the deficiency or be entitled to a refund, as the case may be.
(6) The provisions of this Section shall not apply to goods produced or manufactured,--
(i) in a free-trade zone and brought to any other place in India; or
(ii) by a hundred per cent export-oriented undertaking and allowed to be sold in India.
Explanation 1.-For the removal of doubts, it is hereby clarified that for the purposes of Section 3 of the Customs Tariff Act, 1975 (51 of 1975), the duty of excise leviable on the notified goods shall be deemed to be the duty of excise leviable on such goods under the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (5 of 1986), read with any notification for the time being in force.
Explanation 2.-For the purposes of this Section the expressions "free trade zone" and "hundred per cent export-oriented undertaking" shall have the meanings assigned to them in Section 3.
[emphasis supplied]
Section 3A authorised the identification of a certain class of goods and levy and collection of excise duty on such goods otherwise than in accordance with the scheme of levy and collection contemplated Under Section 3 of THE ACT. It appears from the language of Section 3A, Parliament believed that manufacturers of certain classes of goods are evading payment of excise duty. It authorised the Government of India to identify the goods, the manufacturers of which are resorting to evasion of excise duty. Section 3A(1) stipulated that such identified goods are to be notified in the Official Gazette (hereafter "NOTIFIED GOODS"). Section 3A(3) as it stood at the relevant point of time stipulated that the Central Government may by a notification in the official gazette specify the rate of duty to be levied on NOTIFIED GOODS and the method and manner of the collection thereof.
In other words, notwithstanding the prescription of the rates of duty pursuant to Section 3 and the procedure for the assessment of duty liability and the mode of collection of such assessed duty, Government of India is authorised Under Section 3A to prescribe different rates of duty and different modes of assessment and collection of duty on the NOTIFIED GOODS.
Under Sub-section (2), the Government of India was authorised to make Rules providing for either the determination of the "annual capacity of production" (hereafter ACP) or 'the factors relevant to the ACP' of the factory in which NOTIFIED GOODS are produced. The determination of the ACP is required to be made by the "Commissioner of Central Excise". It further declared that a factory where ACP is determined shall be presumed to annually produce the NOTIFIED GOODS equivalent in quantum to its ACP.
Sub-section (4) stipulates that in a case where an Assessee "claims that the actual production of his factory is lower than" the ACP, the Assessee is entitled to seek the determination of the actual production of the NOTIFIED GOODS in "his factory" by adducing appropriate evidence. Upon such claim being made, the Commissioner of Central Excise is required to determine the actual production of the Assessee's factory and also "redetermine the amount of duty payable by the Assessee with reference to such actual production".
5. Admittedly, the goods manufactured by the three Appellants fall under the same class and described under the Excise Tariff Act as "non-alloy steel hot re-rolled products" and they were NOTIFIED GOODS at the relevant point of time.
6. In exercise of the powers conferred Under Section 3A(2) of THE ACT, a set of Rules came to be framed by the Government of India w.r.t. the goods manufactured by the Appellants before us known as the Hot Re-Rolling Steel Mills Annual Capacity Determination Rules, 1997 (hereafter "RULES of 1997") under a notification dated 1.8.1997. Initially, the said notification contained four Rules for "determining the annual capacity of production of a factory" with the aid of "hot-Re-Rolling Mill".
7. A month later, on 30.8.1997, Rule 5 which is the bone of contention in the present case came to be inserted in the said rules:
5. In case, the annual capacity determined by the formula in Sub-rule (3) of Rule 3 in respect of a mill, is less than the actual production of the mill during the financial year 1996-97, then the annual capacity so determined shall be deemed to be equal to the actual production of the mill during the financial year 1996-97.
[emphasis supplied]
The true meaning and purport of the Rule shall be examined later.
8. It is also necessary to take note of the fact that a set of Rules known as Central Excise Rules, 1944 were framed by the Government of India in exercise of the power conferred under various provisions of the Central Excise Act, 1944. Rule 96ZP of the said Rules prescribes an elaborate procedure to be followed by the manufacturers of 'Non-Alloy Steel Hot Re-rolled products" falling under various heads of the Excise Tariff Act, 1985. The said Rule occurs in Chapter XI of the Rules of 1944. Chapter XI was inserted in the Rules w.e.f. 01.08.1997.
9. Section 3A(3) authorised the Central Government to specify the rate at which the central excise duty is leviable on NOTIFIED GOODS by notification. Obviously, it is in exercise of the power Under Section 3A(3), Rule 96ZP was made prescribing a fixed rate of duty per metric tonne on the goods manufactured by the Appellant. It provides for the levy of excise duty at different rates on the goods falling under the same description at Rs. 400/- and Rs. 300/- per metric tonne respectively under Rule 96ZP(1) and (3) depending upon the Assessee's choice regarding the time of the payment of duty. Rule 96ZP seeks to levy the excise duty at a concessional rate of Rs. 300/- per metric tonne.
10. Rule 96ZP prescribes a levy not on the basis of the value of the specified goods but on the quantum of production. It further authorises the levy and collection of duty at different rates depending upon the mode of payment of the duty chosen by the manufacturer. In other words, Rule 96ZP creates two classes of manufacturers of the goods falling within the sweep of the Rule, though both the classes of manufacturers produce goods of the same description. One class who choose to pay the duty on monthly basis (falling under Sub-rule (3)) and the other class paying duty in a manner otherwise specified under the various other sub-rules of Rule 96ZP.
11. Undisputedly, Rule 96ZP is applicable to the products of the Appellants herein. It is sufficient for our purpose to note that under Rule 96ZP(1)3, the manufacturer of the goods falling under the ambit of Rule 96ZP is required to debit an amount calculated at the rate of Rs. 400/- per metric tonne on the "non-alloy steel hot re-rolled products" at the time of the clearance of the goods from his factory. Under paragraphs I and II of Rule 96ZP(1), the manner of payment of the duty so debited is stipulated. For example, for the period commencing from 1st September, 1997 to 31st March, 1998, a manufacturer is required to pay by 31st March 1998 a total amount calculated at the rate of Rs. 400/- per metric tonne on the ACP of his factory. The full details of the other paragraphs of Sub-rule (1) may not be necessary for the purpose of this judgment.
12. Under Sub-rule (3)4, a manufacturer is given an option to pay the duty in 12 equal monthly instalments. It further stipulates that if a manufacturer chooses to pay the duty on monthly basis, the same shall be calculated at the rate of Rs. 300/- per metric tonne multiplied by the ACP of the factory. Each instalment is payable on or before the 10th of each succeeding month. In other words, Sub-rule (3) provides for the levy of a concessional rate of excise duty on manufacturers who are willing to opt for a scheme of making the payment of tax on a monthly basis instead of postponing the payment till the end of the year as prescribed under Sub-rule (1). However, Sub-rule (3) also imposes a limitation on those manufacturers who opt for the benefit of a reduced rate of duty by disabling them from availing the benefit of the procedure contemplated in Sub-section (4) of Section 3A of THE ACT-that is disputing the correctness of the determination of the ACP of the factory made under the RULES of 1997.
13. It is in this background of the provisions of law, these appeals are required to be decided.
14. In all these appeals, the ACP of the concerned factories was determined by different orders. Obviously the ACP so determined was less than the actual production of each one of the factories for the financial year 1996-97. Therefore, the ACP was "deemed" to be the same as the actual production for the financial year 1996-1997 in view of the mandate contained under Rule 5 of the RULES of 1997.
15. Aggrieved by the determination of the ACP each of the Appellants pursued multiple legal proceedings:
1. They appealed to the CESTAT;
2. They invoked the authority of the Commissioner of Central Excise under Sub-section (4) of Section 3A; and
3. Simultaneously, they filed writ petitions challenging the validity of the abovementioned Rule 5 in the Karnataka High Court.
16. The writ petitions came to be dismissed by the judgment dated 07.12.2005 of the learned Single Judge of the Karnataka High Court. Aggrieved, the Appellants herein carried the matter by way of an intra-court appeal to a Division Bench of the Karnataka High Court. By the judgment under appeal, a Division Bench of the Karnataka High Court dismissed the appeals. Hence these appeals.
17. The validity of Rule 5 of the RULES of 1997 is challenged both before the High Court and before us on two grounds:
1. That the Rule is ultra vires the authority conferred Under Section 3A of THE ACT; and
2. That the Rule is violative of Article 14 of the Constitution of India.
Because the Rule creates two classes of manufacturers:
(i) whose ACP is determined to be more than their actual production in the financial year 1996-97.
(ii) Whose ACP is determined to be less than their actual production for the financial year 1996-97; and
imposes an irrational tax burden on the 2nd of the abovementioned two classes of manufacturers falling within the ambit of the RULES of 1997.
18. We shall first deal with the submission that Rule 5 of the RULES of 1997 is ultra vires Section 3A of THE ACT.
It is argued that Rule 5 creates a fiction when it stipulates:
... the annual capacity so determined shall be deemed to be equal to the actual production of the mill during the financial year 1996-97.
[emphasis supplied]
19. According to the Appellants, Section 3A(2) of THE ACT itself creates a fiction for the purpose of determining the ACP while authorizing the Government of India to make Rules for the determination of ACP. Therefore, the RULES cannot prescribe a further fiction. The Appellants placed heavy reliance for this proposition on a judgment of this Court reported in Agricultural Market Committee v. Shalimar Chemical Works Ltd. MANU/SC/0644/1997 : (1997) 5 SCC 516.
20. On the other hand, it is argued by the Respondent that Rule 5 though textually appears to be creating a fiction, in substance, it only stipulates a factor relevant for determination of ACP and, therefore, is clearly intra vires.
21. To determine the issue, it is required to examine the scheme of Section 3A of THE ACT, the relevant Rules framed thereunder and the mischief which Parliament sought to control while enacting Section 3A.
In the context, we must keep in mind the general scheme of THE ACT.
22. Section 3 of THE ACT, as it existed at the relevant point of time authorised the levy and collection of a duty of excise on all excisable goods which are produced or manufactured in India. The expression "excisable goods" is defined Under Section 2(d) of THE ACT. At the relevant point of time, it read as follows:
Section 2(d). "excisable goods" means goods specified in the First Schedule and the Second Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (5 of 1986) as being subject to a duty of excise and includes salt;
The rates of duty for the various classes of goods are stipulated from time to time under the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985. Section 4 of THE ACT stipulated the method and manner of determination of the value of the goods for the purpose of the determination of the duty liability of the manufacturers who manufacture or produce goods which are chargeable to duty w.r.t. their value.
23. Determination of the quantum of the goods manufactured is an essential exercise for collecting the excise duty, because the taxable event for levy and collection of excise duty is the manufacture or production of goods. Therefore, the need to determine the actual quantum of the goods manufactured. The Act and the Rules made thereunder prescribe different methods for the determination of the quantum of production/manufacture of excisable goods undertaken by any person (manufacturer) for the purpose of determining the tax liability of such a person.
24. Parliament from time to time took notice of the fact that some of the manufacturers/producers of excisable goods are evading duty by suppressing the information of the quantum of actual production/manufacture of goods undertaken by them. Therefore, Section 3A was introduced which authorised a different mode of levy, assessment and collection of excise duty on NOTIFIED GOODS. Under the Scheme of Section 3A, the need to constantly monitor the actual quantum of NOTIFIED GOODS produced/manufactured is obviated by declaring that the ACP of factory is deemed to be the annual production of the factory for the purpose of levy and collection of excise duty.
25. RULES of 1997 prescribed the procedure by which the ACP is to be determined. Rule 3 prescribed a formula based on various factors mentioned therein for the determination of the ACP. The Appellants have no grievance regarding the procedure stipulated for the determination of the ACP. Their only grievance is against Rule 5 which mandates that the ACP determined in accordance with Rule 3 be discarded in the circumstances mentioned under Rule 5.
26. The Appellant submitted that Section 3A(2) creates a legal fiction by declaring that the annual production of factory in which NOTIFIED GOODS are produced is the same as that of the ACP of that factory. Rule 5 creates a further fiction which is not either authorised by Section 3A or permissible for a non-sovereign law making body making subordinate legislation in exercise of the delegated power conferred under a statute. We must make it clear that the Appellants did not challenge the constitutionality of Section 3A(2).
27. The Appellants placed heavy reliance on paragraph 28 of Agricultural Market Committee.
28. The Government to whom the power to make Rules was given Under Section 33 and the committee to whom power to make bye-laws was given Under Section 34 widened the scope of "presumption" by providing further that if a notified agricultural produce is weighed, measured or counted within the notified area, it shall be deemed to have been sold or purchased in that area. The creation of legal fiction is thus beyond the legislative policy. Such legal fiction could be created only by the legislature and not by a delegate in exercise of the rule-making power. We are, therefore, in full agreement with the High Court that Rule 74(2) and Bye-law 24(5) are beyond the scope of the Act and, therefore, ultra vires. The reliance placed by the assessing authority as also by the appellate and revisional authority on these provisions was wholly misplaced and they are not justified in holding, merely on the basis of weighment of "copra" within the notified area committee that the transaction of sale took place in that market area.
28. The argument of the Appellants with respect to Rule 5 appears to be two-fold: (i) a legal fiction (deeming provision) can only be created by legislation but not by subordinate legislation; and (ii) even otherwise a fiction created by the subordinate legislation cannot be in contravention of the provisions of the parent enactment5.
29. We are in total agreement with the principle laid down by this Court in paragraph 28 of Agricultural Market Committee.
30. However, the question in this case is-whether Section 3A(2) and/or Rule 5 really create fictions. To understand the same, the context and purpose of Section 3A and Rule 5 is required to be examined. The Scheme and purpose of Section 3A is already examined at para 20. Rule 5 stipulated that if the ACP determined in accordance with the preceding four Rules is less than the actual production of a particular Assessee for the financial year 1996-1997, the authority determining the ACP is required to abandon the figure of ACP arrived at by employing the procedure contained in Rules 1 to 4 and adopt the actual production achieved by the Assessee for the financial year 1996-976 to be the ACP of that Assessee.
31. The words "shall be deemed to be" occurring in both Section 3A(2) and Rule 5 appear to create a fiction. But in our opinion, on a true and proper construction (as rightly argued by the Respondent) they do not create a legal fiction. In Consolidated Coffee Ltd. and Anr. v. Coffee Board, Bangalore MANU/SC/0398/1980 : (1980) 3 SCC 358, it was held: (page 371, para 11)
... the word "deemed" is used a great deal in modern legislation in different senses and it is not that a deeming provision is every time made for the purpose of creating a fiction. A deeming provision might be made to include what is obvious or what is uncertain or to impose for the purpose of a statute an artificial construction of a word or phrase that would not otherwise prevail, but in each case it would be a question as to with what object the legislature has made such a deeming provision. In St. Aubyn v. Attorney-General, 1952 AC 15, 53: (1951) 2 All ER 473, 498, Lord Radcliffe observed thus:
The word "deemed" is used a great deal in modern legislation. Sometimes it is used to impose for the purposes of a statute an artificial construction of a word or phrase that would not otherwise prevail. Sometimes it is used to put beyond doubt a particular construction that might otherwise be uncertain. Sometimes it is used to give a comprehensive description that includes what is obvious, what is uncertain and what is, in the ordinary sense, impossible.
In our opinion, Section 3A(2) only embodies a Rule of evidence which command the department to presume certain facts. Such presumptions are not unknown to law. Section 1147 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 enacts a Rule of evidence which requires a court to presume the existence of any fact which the Court thinks likely to have happened regard being had to common course of natural events etc. The presumption created under Rule 5 is similar to the one contained in illustration (d)8 to Section 114 of the Evidence Act.
32. There is a clear distinction in law between a legal fiction and presumption9. "A distinction commonly taken between the fiction and the legal presumption runs something as follows: A fiction assumes something which is known to be false; a presumption (whether conclusive or rebuttable) assumes something which may possibly be true. This distinction is regarded as being reinforced, as it were, in the case of the rebuttable presumption because such a presumption assumes a fact which probably is true."10 "Presumptions are closely related to legal fictions ... but they operate differently"11. "Fictions always conflict with reality, whereas presumptions may prove to be true"12. Legal fictions create an artificial state of affairs by a mandate of the legislature.
... an assumption of fact deliberately, lawfully and irrebuttably made contrary to the facts proven or probable ....... with the object of bringing a particular legal Rule into operation ... the assumption being permitted by law ...
They compel everybody concerned including the courts to believe the existence of an artificial state of facts contrary to the real state of facts. When a fiction is created by law, it is not open to anybody to plead or argue that the artificial state of facts created by law is not true, barring the only possible course if at all available is to question the constitutionality of the fiction. It is settled law that only sovereign legislative bodies can create legal fictions but not a subordinate law making body.
33. Whereas presumptions are Rules of evidence for determining the existence or otherwise of certain facts in issue in a litigation. "Presumptions13 were inferences which the judges were directed to draw from certain states of facts in certain cases, and these presumptions were allowed a certain amount of weight in the scale of proof; such a presumption and such evidence amounted to full proof, such another to half full, and so on."14 Nothing is brought to our notice to say that a non-sovereign law making body cannot make a Rule of evidence containing a presumption. In our opinion, Agricultural Market Committee is not an authority for the proposition that a presumption cannot be created by subordinate legislation.
34. Rules of evidence are the principles of law which command the courts or other bodies whose duty is to determine the existence or otherwise of certain facts. The Anglo saxon legal system recognises that facts could be established either by direct or circumstantial evidence. Presuming certain facts, if they are so commanded by law has always been recognised by our legal system to be one of the accepted processes for those bodies charged with the duty of collecting evidence. Therefore, law making bodies make provisions incorporating presumptions wherever they believe it appropriate. But such practices have well recognised qualifications and limitation. Section 114 of the Evidence Act embodies some of the basic principles of the law of presumptions and the limitations thereon. Technically, the Evidence Act may or may not be applicable to everybody charged with the responsibility of collecting evidence. But the principles underlying the provisions do constitute valuable guides. They are based on sound principles of jurisprudence deduced from the observation of human conduct, natural course of events and logic etc.
35. Presumptions are of two kinds, rebuttable and irrebuttable. Normally any presumption is rebuttable unless the legislature creates an irrebuttable presumption. It is a different question-whether an irrebuttable presumption could be created by a non-sovereign law-making body? That question has not been argued before us and, therefore, we do not examine that proposition.
36. Under the scheme of THE ACT, the actual quantum of production of an industry (manufacturer) is one of the essential factors for determining the tax liability of the manufacturer. Both Section 3A(2) and Rule 5 deal with the procedure for the determination of the quantum of production of a factory producing NOTIFIED GOODS. To determine the exact quantum of goods produced by any manufacturer, there are various possible ways:
1. Constant manual observation or account keeping is the most basic process by which the quantum of goods manufactured could be determined;
2. Adoption of a statistical measure for establishing the quantum of goods:
The statistical method could be based on the consumption factors of either the raw material required for the production of the goods or the quantum of electrical or other energy utilized by the industry for manufacturing the goods etc.; and
3. By drawing an appropriate presumption having regard to the technical data relating to the machinery employed by the manufacturer etc.
37. Section 3A of THE ACT authorises the Government to make Rules for determining the ACP of the manufacturers. It further declares that the ACP so determined "shall be deemed to be the annual production of such goods by such factory". In other words, Sub-section (2) commands that a factory whose ACP is determined in accordance with the Rules made thereunder must be believed to produce the same quantum of goods equal to the ACP for every succeeding year. The question is-whether such a declaration creates a legal fiction or only a presumption (rule of evidence)?
38. We have already noticed that by definition a "fiction always conflicts with the reality whereas presumption may be proved to be true". It therefore follows that there is no possibility of a fiction being rebutted by evidence. The belief flowing from Section 3A(2) regarding the annual production of a manufacturer could be rebutted by adducing evidence. Section 3A(4) provides for such rebuttal. Therefore, in our opinion, Section 3A(2) embodies only a Rule of evidence (presumption) but does not create a legal fiction. The language employed by the draftsman is likely to mislead to a conclusion that a fiction is created. But on a true and proper construction of the entire Section 3A the only possible conclusion is that Section 3A(2) embodies only a presumption (rule of evidence).
39. Under the Scheme of the RULES of 1997, the first four Rules stipulated the procedure for determining the ACP of the manufacturers of the class to which the Appellants belong, by adopting the third of the abovementioned three procedures (mentioned in para 36 supra). The lawmaker was conscious of the fact that the actual quantum of goods that can be manufactured in a factory does not solely depend on the ACP of the factory. It depends upon a number of other variable factors too. For example, though the machinery employed by a manufacturer has the technical capacity to produce a certain quantum (maximum production) of goods, in a given interval of time, the manufacturer may not always achieve the maximum production because of the non-availability of either the requisite energy to operate the factory or finance or raw-material etc. The first four Rules of the RULE of 1997 create a scheme of evidence by which a presumption (based on the technical specification of the manufacturers' machinery) of the possibility of a certain quantum of production is to be made. However, the lawmaker visualized that in certain cases such a process may lead to a conclusion that the ACP of a manufacturer is less than the actual production that was achieved by employing the same machinery at an earlier point of time-a conclusion inconsistent with the established factual data. Therefore, it is stipulated under Rule 5 that in such circumstances the ACP of the factory must be "deemed to be" equivalent to the actual production achieved in the financial year prior to the coming into force the RULES of 1997. Rule 5 recognises the possibility of an error in arriving at the ACP by applying the formula contained in Rule 3. Because the formula itself is based on certain assumptions. Therefore, Rule 5 provides that the determination of the ACP made in accordance with the procedure contained in Rule 3 is liable for correction in some cases, in the circumstances indicated therein.
40. But the benefit of Section 3A(4) i.e. the right to rebut the presumption regarding the annual production is denied to a sub-class of manufacturers falling under Rule 96ZP(3)) who are also a part of a larger class falling under the Scheme of Rule 96ZP of the Central Excise Rules, 1944.
41. But for the declaration of Sub-rule (3) of Rule 96ZP, an Assessee whose ACP is determined in accordance with the Rule 3 of the RULES of 1997 would be entitled under Sub-section (4) of Section 3A of THE ACT, to seek the determination of his actual production and the tax liability thereon.
42. The determination of the ACP is a one-time affair. It appears from the factors indicated in the Rule 3 that the ACP would remain unaltered so long as there is no change in the machinery employed and the 'number of utilized hours" of the machinery remains constant. But the "number of utilized hours" could vary from time to time depending upon various factors, such as, the availability of electric power, capital or labour etc. Such variations could result in a situation that the actual production of the factory for any given interval of time is less than the ACP. Therefore, it is declared Under Section 3A(4) that an Assessee is entitled to seek determination of the actual production of his factory if it is less than the ACP.
43. In our opinion, such an opportunity provided Under Section 3A(4) is a recurring opportunity available to the Assessee from time to time. We reach this conclusion in view of the language of Sub-section (4) more particularly "the Commissioner of Central Excise shall ... determine the amount of duty payable by the Assessee with reference to such actual production at the rate specified Under Section 3". Obviously, the determination of amount of duty payable by the Assessee is not a one-time affair. Such a determination is to be made periodically. Therefore, the opportunity of placing evidence for the establishment of actual production for a period relevant for the assessment must be available to the Assessee from time to time.
44. Whether such a statutory right is in any way curtailed by Rule 96ZP(3) of the Rules of 1944 is required to be examined. Rule 96ZP(3) is relevant in the context of the assessment of duty for those Assessees who choose to opt for the payment of the excise duty on a monthly basis. The duty payable by such Assessees would be Rs. 300 x ACP in metric tonnes. Rule 96ZP(3) stipulates that an Assessee seeking to avail the scheme (concessional rate of duty) under Rule 96ZP(3) is required to make application in the prescribed format. The Rule is silent about the point of time at which such an application is required to be made. But Sub-rule (3) stipulates the time within which the duty is required to be paid, i.e., in the "beginning of each month" and "latest by the tenth of each month".
45. Whether an Assessee who chooses once to pay duty in terms of Rule 96ZP(3) can be compelled to pay duty calculated in accordance with the said Rule for all times to come without any regard to the actual production? is a question which requires examination.
46. It is possible that in a given case an Assessee choosing at a given point of time to make payment of duty on monthly basis calculated in terms of Sub-rule (3) but a few months later (for that matter even a month later), for various legitimate reasons, production may fall considerably below the ACP (of the Assessees factory). It is possible, in some cases there can be total cessation of the manufacturing activity for reasons beyond the control of the Assessee. If the option exercised by an Assessee under Rule 96ZP(3) is held to be good for eternity it would not only lead to illogical consequences but also to an unconstitutional collection of taxes without there being a taxable event. We do not see anything in Rule which prevents the Assessee from opting out of the Scheme of Rule 96ZP(3).
47. After availing the scheme for a month by paying the duty in advance, if the Assessee ends up in a situation of not being able to produce the quantum of goods equivalent to 1/12 of his ACP, we see no reason which compels the Assessee to continue the availment of concessional rate of duty (for the next month) on a quantum of production which he is unable to achieve. In our opinion the Assessee must have an option to make the payment of duty in accordance with Rule 96ZP(1) at a higher rate but on the actual production. For those Assessees who chose to pay the duty at higher rate in accordance with Sub-rule (1) the benefit of Section 3A(4) is available. The Rule does not bar it. However the question remains how frequently the Assessee is entitled to exercise such an option; whether it is annual or monthly is a matter which requires a further examination.
48. It is argued by the learned Counsel for the Respondent in view of the two judgments of this Court reported in Commissioner of Central Excise & Customs v. Venus Castings (P) Ltd. MANU/SC/0239/2000 : (2000) 4 SCC 206, Union of India and Ors. v. Supreme Steels and General Mills and Ors. MANU/SC/0647/2001 : (2001) 9 SCC 645, the question regarding the vires of Sub-rule (3) of Rule 96ZP of the Central Excise Rules, 1944 is no more res-integra. It is also submitted by the Respondent that this Court has already declared that the Assessee who makes a choice once to avail the scheme under Sub-rule (3) cannot go back on his choice15.
49. In both the abovementioned cases, this Court was dealing with Rule 96ZO(3) of the Central Excise Rules, 1944. Neither the vires of Rule 96ZP(3) nor its interpretation actually fell for consideration of this Court in either of the abovementioned cases. However, in Venus Castings, at para 9, a reference was made to Rule 96ZP and this Court observed that "Rules 96ZO and 96ZP provide for procedure to be followed by the manufacturer of ingots and billets and hot re-rolled products respectively. The scheme envisaged under these provisions is identical".
50. With utmost respect to the learned Judges, we find it difficult to accept the finding that the scheme of both the Rules is identical. There are broad similarities between the Rules but they are not identical and we shall point out and deal with the difference later.
51. In Venus Castings, this Court held that both the abovementioned Rules contain scheme of "two alternative procedures to be adopted at the option of the Assessee" and concluded that "the manufacturers, if they have availed the procedure under Rule 96ZO(3) at their option, cannot claim the benefit of determination of production capacity Under Section 3A(4) of the Act which is specifically excluded".
11. ... What can be seen is that the charge under the Section is clearly on production of the goods but the measure of tax is dependent on either actual production of goods or on some other basis. The incidence of tax is, therefore, on the production of goods. It cannot be said that collection of tax based on the annual furnace capacity is not relatable to the production of goods and does not carry the purpose of the Act. In holding whether a relevant Rule to be ultra vires it becomes necessary to take into consideration the purpose of the enactment as a whole, starting from the preamble to the last provision thereto. If the entire enactment is read as a whole indicates the purpose and that purpose is carried out by the rules, the same cannot be stated to be ultra vires of the provisions of the enactment. Therefore, it is made clear that the manufacturers, if they have availed of the procedure under Rule 96ZO(3) at their option, cannot claim the benefit of determination of production capacity Under Section 3A(4) of the Act which is specifically excluded.
Two things are required to be noticed from the above. This Court made references to Rule 96ZP in the earlier paragraphs of the judgment but when it came to the conclusion, it only dealt with Rule 96ZO(3) but not Rule 96ZP(3). Secondly, Section 3A(4) of THE ACT does not deal with the determination of the production capacity of the factory. It only deals with the right of the Assessee to establish that notwithstanding the determination of the ACP, the actual production achieved is less than the ACP determined. The Court concluded "that if the entire enactment is read as a whole indicates the purpose and that purpose is carried out by the Rules, the same cannot be stated to be ultra vires of the provisions of the enactment."
52. With respect, we are of the opinion that such a statement of law has no basis either in precedent or on any settled principles of interpretation of statutes. On the other hand, it is in conflict with a long settled line of authorities that subordinate legislation which is in conflict with the parent enactment is unsustainable16.
53. The decision in Supreme Steels was rendered by a Bench of three learned Judges. The vires of Rule 96ZO was directly in issue in Supreme Steels17. This Court in Venus Castings noted18 that "in these proceedings the validity of the provisions of the Rules is not in challenge but only their interpretation and application have to be examined". However, the learned Judges in Supreme Steels opined that the controversy was finally settled by the judgment of this Court in Venus Castings.
54. Apart from the various problems noticed by us in the abovementioned two judgments, there are marked differences in the language employed under Rule 96ZP(3) and the scheme appears to be different from the one adopted under the scheme of Rule 96ZO(3).
55. Rule 96ZO deals with levy, assessment and collection of excise duty on the manufacture of non-alloy steel ingots and billets. Duty on such goods is payable at the rate of Rs. 750/- per metric tonne. Sub-rule (3) prescribes levy and collection of a lump sum of Rs. 5 lakhs per month in cases of those manufacturers who have a total furnace capacity of three metric tonnes installed in their factories. However, such a scheme is available at the option of the Assessee. In other words, a manufacturer has a choice to make a lump sum payment of Rs. 5 lakhs, irrespective of his actual production for that month, in two instalments instead of paying the duty at the rate of Rs. 750/- per metric tonne of the actual production of the manufacturer. Whether the capacity of three metric tonnes in the said Sub-rule is the capacity of the factory per day or per month or per annum is not very clear from the language of the Rule. The expression does not appear to be defined under the Rules.
56. Coming to Rule 96ZP(3), it also provides an option to the Assessee falling under the Rule to pay the duty at the concessional rate of Rs. 300 per metric tonne contrary to the liability of the Assessees who do not opt to avail the procedure under Sub-rule (3) to pay Rs. 400 per metric tonne. But both the classes of Assessees are required to pay the total duty calculated on the ACP of the factory. While those who choose to pay the lower rate of tax under Sub-rule (3) pay the tax every month and those who do not opt to avail the scheme under Sub-rule (3) are required to pay tax long after duty actually falls due as indicated under Sub-rule (1) and (2).
57. The only similarity between Rules 96ZO(3) and 96ZP(3) is that both the Rules seek to eliminate the benefit of the procedure Under Section 3A(4) of THE ACT in cases of those Assessees who choose to opt for levy and collection of excise duty in accordance with the sub-rules (3) which are exceptions to the general Rules of levy and collection of duties provided under Rules 96ZO and 96ZP.
58. Therefore, we find it difficult to accept the submission of the Respondent that the issue is covered by the judgments of this Court in Venus Castings and Supreme Steels. In our opinion, for the reasons mentioned above, these two judgments require a further examination. Apart from that, these judgments did not deal with vires of Rule 96ZP(3). However, in view of the fact that Supreme Steels is a decision rendered by a Bench of three learned Judges, we deem it appropriate that the question of law be settled by a Bench of an appropriate strength. We, therefore, direct the Registry to place the matter before Hon'ble the Chief Justice of India for further orders.
1 Section 3 insofar as it is relevant for the purpose of this judgment read at the relevant point of time:
"Section 3. Duties specified in the First Schedule and the Second Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 to be levied.-(1) There shall be levied and collected in such manner as may be prescribed,-
(a) a duty of excise on all excisable goods which are produced or manufactured in India as, and at the rates, set forth in the First Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985;"
2 Ins. By Act 18 of 2008, Section 79 (w.e.f. 10-5-2008). Earlier Section 3A was inserted by Act 81 of 1956. Section 2 (w.e.f. 22-12-1956) and was omitted by Act 58 of 1960, Section 2 and Sch. I (w.e.f. 26-12-1960) and was again inserted by Act 26 of 1997, Section 81 (w.e.f. 14-5-1997) and was amended by Act 10 of 2000, Section 93 (w.e.f. 1-4-2000) and was again omitted by Act 14 of 2001, Section 121 (w.e.f. 11-5-2001).
3 Rule 96ZP(1) A manufacturer of non-alloy steel hot re-rolled products falling under sub-heading Nos. ............... of the Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (5 of 1986), shall debit an amount calculated at the rate of Rs. 400/- per metric tonne at the time of clearance of ....products ....from his factory ....subject to the condition that the total amount of duty liability shall be calculated and paid in the following manner:
4 Rule 96ZP(3) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in these rules, a manufacturer may, in the beginning of each month from 1st day of September, 1997 to the 31st day of March, 1998 or any other financial year, as the case may be, and latest by the tenth of each month, pay a sum equivalent to one-twelfth of the amount calculated at the rate of Rs. 300/- multiplied by the annual capacity in metric tonnes, as determined under Sub-rule (3) of Rule 3 of the Hot Re-rolling Mills Annual Capacity Determination Rules, 1997, and the amount so paid shall be deemed to be full and final discharge of his duty liability for the period from the 1st day of September, 1997 to the 31st day of March, 1998, or any other financial year, as the case may be, subject to the condition that the manufacturer shall not avail of the benefit, if any, under the proviso to Sub-section (3) or under Sub-section (4) of the Section 3A of the Central Excise Act, 1944 (1 of 1944).
5 Rule 5 was challenged on the following grounds:(Written Submissions of the Appellant)
A. Section 3A (2) deems the annual production capacity as the actual production and the manufacturer has to pay duty on the annual production capacity without reference to actual production.
But Rule 5 introduces a further deeming that the 1996-97 production shall be deemed to be actual production if the 1996-97 production is higher than the production capacity determined as per Rule 3.
A subordinate legislation cannot introduce a deeming provision and that too contrary to the deeming provision in the plenary legislation. The statutory presumption Under Section 3A is of a limited character and being a fiscal legislation has to be strictly construed in the sense that any factory which is not contemplated by the Act cannot be taken into consideration to raise a presumption for levy of excise duty. Being a delegated legislation the delegate which has been authorised to make subsidiary Rules has to work within the scope of the Act or the policy laid thereunder. The delegate under the grab of making Rules cannot legislate on the field covered by the Act and has to restrict itself to the mode of implementation of the Act". The creation of the legal fiction under Rule 5 is beyond scope of the legislative policy to levy excise duty on certain notified goods on the capacity of production determined under the formula specified in Rule 3. Such legal fiction can be created only by a legislature and not by a delegate in exercise of Rule making power. Also Section 3A (2) only authorises the Central government to make Rules providing for determination of the annual capacity of production or such factor relevant to the annual capacity of production. The Section 3A(2) does not authorize the Central government to create further legal fiction on the annual capacity of production which is exclusively within the domain of the legislature. Thus the legal fiction created in Rule 5 that in case the annual capacity determined by the formula in Sub-rule 3 of Rule 3 in respect of a mill, is less than the actual production of the mill during the financial year 1996-97, then the annual capacity so determined shall be deemed to be equal to the actual production of the mill during the financial year 1996-97 is beyond the scope of the delegate and is therefore liable to be declared ultra vires, arbitrary violative of Article 14, unconstitutional and bad in law.
Reference may be made to MANU/SC/0644/1997 : (1997) 5 SCC 516
6 The relevance of the financial year 1996-97 in the context of the RULES is that the RULES are made and brought into force with effect from the 1st of August, 1997. The financial year 1996-1997 is the financial year immediately preceding the making of the RULES of 1997.
7 Section 114. Court may presume existence of certain acts:The court may presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened, regard being had to the common course of natural events, human conduct and public and private business, in their relation to the facts of the particular case.
8 Illustration (d)-That a thing or state of things which has been shown to be in existence within a period shorter than that within which such things or state of things usually cease to exist, is still in existence.
9 Nandlal Wasudeo Badwaik v. Lata Nandlal Badwaik and Anr., MANU/SC/0006/2014 : (2014) 2 SCC 576. "We must understand the distinction between a legal fiction and the presumption of a fact. Legal fiction assumes existence of a fact which may not really exist. However, a presumption of a fact depends on satisfaction of certain circumstances. Those circumstances logically would lead to the fact sought to be presumed. Section 112 of the Evidence Act does not create a legal fiction but provides for presumption." (Para 18)
10 Fullet, L.L., Legal Fictions, Illinois Law Review (Vol. XXV No. 4, December 1930)
11 Del Mar, Maksymilian, Legal Fictions and Legal Change, International Journal of Law in Context (2013)
12 Vermeer-Kunzli, Annemarieke, As If: The Legal Fiction in Diplomatic Protection, European Journal of International Law (2007)
13 Presumptions are of four kinds according to English law.
1. Conclusive presumptions. These are rare, but when they occur they provide that certain modes of proof shall not be liable to contradiction.
2. Presumptions which affect the ordinary Rule as to the burden of proof that he who affirms must prove. He who affirms that a man is dead must usually prove it, but if he shows that the man has not been heard of for seven years, he shifts the burden of proof on his adversary.
3. There are certain presumptions which, though liable to be rebutted, are regarded by English law as being something more than mere maxims, though it is by no means easy to say how much more. An instance of such a presumption is to be found in the Rule that recent possession of stolen goods unexplained raises a presumption that the possessor is either the thief or a receiver.
4. Bare presumptions of fact, which are nothing but arguments to which the Court attaches whatever value it pleases.
14 Stephen, James Fitzjames, The Indian Evidence Act With An Introduction on the Principles of Judicial Evidence, (Calcutta, Thacker, Spink & Co.) Chapter IV p. 132
15 Union of India and Ors. v. Supreme Steels and General Mills and Ors., MANU/SC/0647/2001 : (2001) 9 SCC 645,
"Para 3... The manufacturer cannot opt twice during one financial year first choosing to pay in accordance with Sub-rule 3 of Rule 96ZO and thereafter to switch over to actual production basis Under Section 3A(4) of the Act, in case it is less than the duty payable under Sub-rule 3 of Rule 96ZO. The said sub Rule is quite clear that the option under it is available subject to the condition that once having opted for it, benefit if any under Sub-section (4) of Section 3A of the Central Excise Act, 1944 shall not be available. ..."
16 Hukam Chand Etc. v. Union of India and Ors. MANU/SC/0506/1972 : AIR 1972 SC 2427: (1972) 2 SCC 601,
Para 8 .......The underlying principle is that unlike Sovereign Legislature which has power to enact laws with retrospective operation, authority vested with the power of making subordinate legislation has to act within the limits of its power and cannot transgress the same. The initial difference between subordinate legislation and the statute laws lies in the fact that a subordinate law making body is bound by the terms of its delegated or derived authority and that court of law, as a general rule, will not give effect to the rules, thus made, unless satisfied that all the conditions precedent to the validity of the Rules have been fulfilled (see Craies on Statute Law, p. 297, Sixth Edition).
Also See: Godde Venkateswara Rao v. Government of Andhra Pradesh and Ors. MANU/SC/0020/1965 : AIR 1966 SC 828, para 10
17 Vires of Rule 96ZO of the Central Excise Rules has also been challenged on the ground that it is inconsistent with the provisions of the Act.-Para 1
18 In para 7
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